2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题（二十三）

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　　二十三、哲学与神学的关系

　　Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance.

　　The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.

　　This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroёs. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroёs maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of Islamic theology.

　　As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.

　　1.With the Scholastics, the search for new knowledge _____.

　　[A] stopped completely [B] slowed down [C] advanced rapidly [D] awaked gradually

　　2.Which of the following best illustrates the relation between reason and revelation?

　　[A] They are simply identical. [B] Revelation guides reason.

　　[C] They are occasionally contradictory. [D] Reason is used to perfect revelation.

　　3.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that _____.

　　[A] the position of philosophy as a humble servant was accepted

　　[B] religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophy

　　[C] philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselves

　　[D] philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice

　　4.Averroёs held that _____.

　　[A] Islamic theology was often subordinate to philosophy

　　[B] religious truth was nothing but imaginative fantasy

　　[C] real truth was inaccessible to many common people

　　[D] imperfect expressions were result of flawed religion

　　5.Which of the following is most likely to be discussed in the part succeeding this text?

　　[A] Relations of St. T. Aquinas’ achievements to previous efforts. [B] How St. T. Aquinas worked out in the balance in discussion.

　　[C] Other endeavors on the relationship of reason and revelation. [D] Outstanding features of the mature period of Scholasticism.

　　答案：1.A 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.C

　　核心词汇或超纲词汇

　　(1)scholastic(a.)学校的，学者的，学究的，经院的或经院哲学家的(n.)经院哲学家，学究

　　(2)doctrine(n.)教条，学说，主义

　　(3)revelation(n.)显示，揭露，新发现;启示，揭示;reveal(v.)

　　(4)arbiter(n.)仲裁者，权威人士，主宰者;arbitrate(v.)公断，仲裁

　　(5)theologian(n.)神学者，空头理论家;theology(n.)神学

　　(6)faculty(n.)才能;全体教员;(大学的)学院，系;(授予的)权力

　　全文翻译

　　在宗教研究中，关于哲学和神学，经院派学者们持有广泛的各种各样的学说。在欧洲从9世纪到17世纪的学术实践中，赋予整个经院运动统一性的是其所有成员共同的目标、态度以及共同接受的方法。经院学者首要关注的并不是发现新的事实而是将希腊理性和基督启示各自获得的知识综合成一体。这一关注是经院哲学和自文艺复兴以来的现代思想之间最显著的不同特征之一。

　　经院派学者的基本目标决定了他们某些共同的观点态度，其中最重要的是他们坚信理性和启示之间存在着基本的和谐。经院学者认为上帝是这两种知识的源泉，真理是他的主要属性，因此他不可能在两种表达方式上自相矛盾。任何关于启示和理性表面上的对抗都可以追根到对理智的错误运用或对启示词语的不精确解释上。因为经院派学者相信启示是上帝的直接教诲，因此比自然的理性具有更高的真理性和确定性。因此在宗教信仰和哲学理性之间的表面冲突中，信仰一直是终极的裁决者，神学家的决断支配着哲学家的决断。13世纪早期之后，经院思想更加强调哲学在自己领域内的独立性。尽管如此，在整个经院哲学阶段，哲学一直被称作神学的仆人，这不仅是因为哲学的真理性居于神学真理性之下，还因为神学家将哲学运用到了对启示的理解和解释之中。

　　这种经院哲学观点与阿拉伯裔西班牙哲学家阿威罗伊所谓的双重真理理论形成了鲜明的对比。阿威罗伊的理论认为对于哲学和伊斯兰神学来说，真理都是可以接近的，但是只有哲学可以完全获得它。因此，所谓的神学真理作为一种不完美的想象的表达方式为普通人服务，去获得只有哲学才能接近的可靠的真理。阿威罗伊认为哲学真理可以与伊斯兰神学的教诲相矛盾，至少在口头上如此。

　　因为相信信仰和理性间的和谐关系，经院派学者试图裁决它们各自精确的能力和范围。诸如意大利的传教士和哲学家圣•安瑟莫这样的早期经院哲学家并没有清楚地区分二者，并且过于深信理性能够证明某些启示的教条学说。后来，在经院哲学的成熟阶段，意大利神职人员及哲学家圣•托马斯•阿奎纳在理性和启示之间找到了一种平衡。

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