2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题（二十六）

　　2015考研英语复习正在如火如荼的进行中，考研专家建议可以按考研题型分别进行重点复习，考研英语阅读理解是考研英语中分值最高的，新东方在线小编特地整理了2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题供大家模拟练习，希望大家认真做题，错题着重看解析及译文，经过练习阅读理解能力必能有所提高。

　　二十六、特殊的习惯与观念

　　In studying both the recurrence of special habits or ideas in several districts, and their prevalence within each district, there come before us ever-reiterated proofs of regular causation producing the phenomena of human life, and of laws of maintenance and diffusion conditions of society, at definite stages of culture. But, while giving full importance to the evidence bearing on these standard conditions of society, let us be careful to avoid a pitfall which may entrap the unwary student. Of course, the opinions and habits belonging in common to masses of mankind are to a great extent the results of sound judgment and practical wisdom. But to a great extent it is not so.

　　That many numerous societies of men should have believed in the influence of the evil eye and the existence of a firmament, should have sacrificed slaves and goods to the ghosts of the departed, should have handed down traditions of giants slaying monsters and men turning into beasts—all this is ground for holding that such ideas were indeed produced in men’s minds by efficient causes, but it is not ground for holding that the rites in question are profitable, the beliefs sound, and the history authentic. This may seem at the first glance a truism, but, in fact, it is the denial of a fallacy which deeply affects the minds of all but a small critical minority of mankind. Popularly, what everybody says must be true, what everybody does must be right.

　　There are various topics, especially in history, law, philosophy, and theology, where even the educated people we live among can hardly be brought to see that the cause why men do hold an opinion, or practise a custom, is by no means necessarily a reason why they ought to do so. Now collections of ethnographic evidence, bringing so prominently into view the agreement of immense multitudes of men as to certain traditions, beliefs, and usages, are peculiarly liable to be thus improperly used in direct defense of these institutions themselves, even old barbaric nations being polled to maintain their opinions against what are called modern ideas.

　　As it has more than once happened to myself to find my collections of traditions and beliefs thus set up to prove their own objective truth, without proper examination of the grounds on which they were actually received, I take this occasion of remarking that the same line of argument will serve equally well to demonstrate, by the strong and wide consent of nations, that the earth is flat, and night-mare the visit of a demon.

　　1.The author’s attitude towards the phenomena mentioned at the beginning of the text is one of _____.

　　[A] skepticism [B] approval [C] indifference [D] disgust

　　2.By “But to...it is not so”(Line 7) the author implies that _____.

　　[A] most people are just followers of new ideas [B] even sound minds may commit silly errors

　　[C] the popularly supported may be erroneous [D] nobody is immune to the influence of errors

　　3.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the statement “There are various... to do so” (Line 17-20)?

　　[A] Principles of history and philosophy are hard to deal with. [B] People like to see what other people do for their own model.

　　[C] The educated are more susceptible to errors in their daily life. [D] That everyone does the same may not prove they are all right.

　　4.Which of the following did the author probably suggest?

　　[A] Support not the most supported. [B] Deny everything others believe.

　　[C] Throw all tradition into trashcan. [D] Keep your eyes open all the time.

　　5.The author develops his writing mainly by means of _____.

　　[A] reasoning [B] examples [C] comparisons [C]quotations

　　答案：1.A 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.A

　　核心词汇或超纲词汇

　　(1)recurrence(n.)再现，重现;循环;recur(v.);recurrent(a.)

　　(2)reiterate(v.)反复地说，重申，重做;iterate(v.)反复说，重申，重述

　　(3)diffusion(n.)扩散，传播，漫射

　　(4)bear on (= bear upon) 涉及;关于

　　(5)pitfall(n.)缺陷，失误;隐藏的危险，隐患;陷阱，圈套

　　(6)entrap(v.)使入陷阱;诱骗~ sb. into doing sth. 诱使某人做某事

　　(7)unwary(a.)不注意的，粗心的，不警惕的，易受骗的;wary(a.)机警的，谨慎的

　　(8)firmament(n.)天空，太空，苍天

　　(9)truism(n.)真实性;公认的真理，自明之理

　　(10)fallacy(n.)谬误，谬论;fallacious(a.)

　　(11)ethnography(n.)民俗学，人种学，人种志;ethno-前缀意为“种族，民族”;ethnographic(a.)

　　(12)demon(n.)魔鬼，极残忍的人;邪恶的事物;精力过人的人

　　全文翻译

　　在研究特殊习惯及观念在一些地区的重复出现和它们在这些地区内盛行的现象时，我们碰到了被反复重申的论证，证明了在特定的文化发展阶段，产生人类生活现象的一般因果关系，和社会维持和传播条件的规律。但是，在充分强调这些和社会标准条件相关的证据的同时，我们必须小心谨慎，避免陷入粗心大意的学生常常掉进的陷井。诚然，属于大多数人所共有的观念和习惯在很大程度上是合理的判断和实践智慧的结果，但是在很大程度上，情况并非如此。

　　许多的人类社会相信恶毒眼光的影响和苍天的存在，祭祀死去的魂灵并为其奉献奴隶和祭品，将巨人杀死猛兽以及人变成怪兽的传统流传下来，这些都使人们有理由相信这些想法在人脑中产生有其有效的根源，但却不能以此为依据认为我们所提及的习俗是有益的，这些信仰是合理的，历史是真实的。乍一看，这似乎像是自明之理，然而事实上，这是对一种谬论的否定：这种谬论深深植根于人类的头脑中，只有一小部分具有批判性思维的人除外。通常情况下，大家都说的话肯定是真的，大家都做的事肯定是对的。

　　对于很多的话题，尤其是在历史，法律，哲学和神学领域，我们中间那些甚至受过教育的人也很难理解，人们持有某种观点、形成某种习俗的原因决不一定是他们这样做的理由。现今，民俗学证据的收集使众多的人在某些传统、信仰和习惯上的一致看法突显出来，这些证据很容易被不适当地用来直接维护这些传统本身，甚至一些古老的野蛮民族也用投票方式来维护他们自己的观点，反对所谓的现代观点。

　　我发现自己收集一些传统观念和信仰时，在没有对接受它们的依据进行仔细审视的情况下，也是如此主张它们的客观真实性，并且这种情况不只一次发生。因此，我借此机会想说的是，以上这种推理方式同样也可以证明，地球是扁的，噩梦是恶魔的来访并且可以争得许多民族坚决而广泛的认同。

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