2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题（三十一）

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　　三十一、黑人的赔偿运动

　　For many years, any discussion of reparations to compensate the descendants of African slaves for 246 years of bondage and another century of legalized discrimination was dismissed. Many whites and blacks alike scoffed at the idea, reasoning that slavery is part of the past that would only unleash new demons if it were resurrected.

　　Opponents contend that the fledgling reparations movement overlooks many important facts. First, they assert, reparations usually are paid to direct victims, as was the case when the US government apologized and paid compensation to Japanese-Americans interned during World War Ⅱ. Similarly, Holocaust (大屠杀) survivors have received payments from the Germans. In addition, not all blacks were slaves, and an estimated 3 000 were slave owners.

　　Also, many immigrants not only came to the United States after slavery ended, but they also faced discrimination. Should they pay reparations, too? Or should they receive them?

　　And regardless of how much slave labor contributed to the United States’ wealth, opponents contend, blacks benefit from that wealth today. As a group, Afro-Americans are the best-educated, wealthiest blacks on the planet.

　　But that attitude is slowly changing. At least 10 cities, including Chicago, Detroit and Washington, have passed resolutions in the past two years urging federal hearings into the impact of slavery. Mainstream civil rights groups such as National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Urban League and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference regularly raise the issue.

　　The surging interest in reparations parallels a heightened sensitivity to the horrors of slavery, in which as many as 6 million Africans perished in the journey to the Americas alone. There also is growing attention being paid to the huge economic bounty that slavery created for private companies and the country as a whole.

　　Earliest this year, Aetna Inc. apologized for selling insurance policies that compensated slave owners for financial losses when their slaves died. Last summer, the Hartford Courant in Connecticut printed a front-page apology for the profits it made from running ads for the sale of slaves and the capture of runaways. Next month, a new California law will require insurance companies to disclose any slave insurance policies they may have issued. The state also is requiring University of Californian officials to assemble a team of scholars to research the history of slavery and report how current California businesses benefited.

　　Proponents of reparations argue that, even for nearly a century after emancipation in 1865, blacks legally were still excluded from the opportunities that became the cornerstones for the white middle-class.

　　1.The reasons put forward by opponents of reparations include all the following EXCEPT that.

　　[A] compensations usually go to direct victims

　　[B] blacks who came after slavery ended should not receive compensations

　　[C] blacks now are enjoying the wealth they created under slavery

　　[D] some blacks were slave owners instead of slaves

　　2.“Immigrants” in paragraph 3 refers to.

　　[A] Afro-Americans [B] non-white immigrants [C] Japanese-Americans [D] holocaust survivors

　　3.That the reparations movement is winning support in America is shown in the fact that.

　　[A] federal hearings were held to investigate the impact of slavery

　　[B] even mainstream civil rights groups were persuaded

　　[C] growing attention is being paid to the wealth of the blacks

　　[D] there was more public awareness of the frightening experience of slavery

　　4.The two private companies that made public apology had.

　　[A] compensated slave owners for financial losses [B] sold slaves and captured runaways

　　[C] operated insurance and advertisement businesses [D] depended on slavery for their existence

　　5.Which of the following is true according to the passage?

　　[A] US government killed Japanese-Americans during World War Ⅱ.

　　[B] A new Californian law disclosed slave-insurance policies.

　　[C] National Urban League is one of the civil right groups.

　　[D] Blacks faced no discrimination after liberation in 1865.

　　答案：1.B 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.C

　　核心词汇或超纲词汇

　　(1)reparation(n.)赔偿，弥补，赔款;恢复，修理reparatory/reparative(a.)

　　(2)compensate(v.)(for)补偿;赔偿;compensation(n.)

　　(3)descendant(n.)子孙，后裔;派生物，从某种原形或早期形式演化来的事物

　　(4)bondage(n.)奴役，束缚;结合;bond(v.)粘合，联结

　　(5)unleash(v.)解开...皮带(链索);释放;发泄;leash(v.)(以皮带)束缚，控制，束缚

　　(6)resurrect(v.)复兴，使复活;恢复实施、受注意或重新起用resurrection(n.)

　　(7)fledgling刚学飞的幼鸟;无经验的人(a.)年轻的，无经验的

　　(8)Holocaust大毁灭，大屠杀;holo-前缀表示“全部”，如holography全息摄影;-caust-词根意为“烧，腐蚀”，如caustic(a./n.)腐蚀性(的)

　　(9)resolution(n.)坚定，果断;解决;决议，决定

　　(10)hearing(n.)听力，听觉;听证会，意见听取会

　　(11)parallel(a.)平行的;类似的(n.)平行线，平行面;可相比拟的人或事(v.)相等，匹敌;比较，对比

　　(12)bounty(n.)慷慨;恩惠，施舍;奖励金，补助金

　　(13)runaway(n.)逃跑(者);失控物;轻易的胜利(a.)逃跑的;不受控制的;轻易取得的

　　(14)proponent(n.)支持者，拥护者，倡导者;propone(v.)提议，建议

　　(15)cornerstone(n.)墙角石;基础;首要因素

　　全文翻译

　　有很多年，任何有关对曾受过246年奴役和一个世纪的合法歧视的非洲黑人奴隶后裔的赔偿和补偿的讨论都会遭到拒绝。许多白人和黑人一样鄙视这种观点，理由是：奴隶制是过去的一部分，如果这种制度再次复活的话，将是对新的恶魔的纵容。

　　反对者认为刚开展的赔偿运动忽视了很多重要的事实。首先，他们声称：赔偿通常会直接付给受害者，像美国政府向二战中被拘留的日裔美国人道歉和赔偿一样。同样，大屠杀的幸存者也已经收到了德国的赔款。此外，并不是所有的黑人都是奴隶，据估计，有3000人是奴隶主。

　　还有，许多移民不仅是在奴隶制结束后来到美国的，而且他们同样面对歧视。这些人是否也要支付赔偿?或者，他们应该收到赔偿?

　　反对者也指出，不管奴隶劳动对美国财富的贡献是多少，今天黑人也从美国财富中受益。作为群体，在全球范围内，非裔美国黑人所受教育最好，同时也是最为富有的。

　　然而，这种态度正在慢慢的改变。在过去的两年中，包括芝加哥、底特律和华盛顿在内至少有十个城市通过了决议，力劝联邦政府举行关于奴隶制影响的意见听取会。像全国有色人种进步协会、全国城市联盟、南方基督教领导会议这样的公民权利的主要组织都定期地提出这一议题。

　　在人们对赔偿问题的兴趣不断增强的同时，对奴隶制的恐怖经历的意识也在提升。因为在独自去往美洲的旅途中死亡的非洲人达600万之多。人们也越来越关注奴隶制为私有公司以及整个国家所创造的巨大的经济财富。

　　今年年初，安泰人寿保险公司为其向奴隶主提供保险以补偿奴隶的死亡给他们带来的经济损失这一保险销售政策表示歉意。去年夏天，康涅狄格洲的哈特福德新闻报在首页刊登致歉书，为其曾因贩卖奴隶和缉拿逃跑奴隶的广告而牟利表示歉意。下个月，加利福尼亚将会有一项新的法律，要求保险公司公开他们所涉及的任何奴隶保险政策。该州还要求加利福尼亚大学官员召集一队学者研究奴隶制的历史，并报告当前加利福尼亚的商业是如何受益的。

　　支持赔偿的人争论道，1865年黑人奴隶解放之后，在近一个世纪的时间里，黑人仍然被剥夺了成为白人中产阶级的基石的机会。

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