2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题（三十七）

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　　三十七、旧的经济激励手段

　　The provision of positive incentives to work in the new society will not be an easy task. But the most difficult task of all is to devise the ultimate and final sanction to replace the ultimate sanction of hunger—the economic whip of the old dispensation. Moreover, in a society which rightly rejects the pretence of separating economics from politics and denies the autonomy of the economic order, that sanction can be found only in some conscious act of society. We can no longer ask the invisible hand to do our dirty work for us.

　　I confess that I am less horror-struck than some people at the prospect, which seems to me unavoidable, of an ultimate power of what is called direction of labour resting in some arm of society, whether in an organ of state or of trade unions. I should indeed be horrified if I identified this prospect with a return to the conditions of the pre-capitalist era. The economic whip of laissez-faire undoubtedly represented an advance on the serf-like conditions of that period: in that relative sense, the claim of capitalism to have established for the first time a system of “free” labour deserves respect. But the direction of labour as exercised in Great Britain in the Second World War seems to me to represent as great an advance over the economic whip of the heyday of capitalist private enterprise as the economic whip represented over pre-capitalist serfdom.

　　Much depends on the effectiveness of the positive incentives, much, too, on the solidarity and self-discipline of the community. After all, under the system of laissez-faire capitalism the fear of hunger remained an ultimate sanction rather than a continuously operative force. It would have been intolerable if the worker had been normally driven to work by conscious fear of hunger; nor, except in the early and worst days of the Industrial Revolution, did that normally happen. Similarly in the society of the future the power of direction should be regarded not so much as an instrument of daily use but rather as an ultimate sanction held in reserve where voluntary methods fail. It is inconceivable that, in any period or in any conditions that can now be foreseen, any organ of state in Great Britain would be in a position, even if it had the will, to marshal and deploy the labour force over the whole economy by military discipline like an army in the field. This, like other nightmares of a totally planned economy, can be left to those who like to frighten themselves and others with scarecrows.

　　1. The word “sanction”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to.

　　[A] corrective measures [B] encouraging methods [C] preventive efforts [D] revolutionary actions

　　2. Which of the following is implied in the first paragraph?

　　[A] People used to be forced to work under whips. [B] The author dislikes the function of politics in economy.

　　[C] Incentives are always less available than regulations. [D] People have an instinct of working less and getting more.

　　3. The author’s attitudes towards future, as is indicated in the beginning of the second paragraph, is one of.

　　[A] reluctant acceptance [B] sheer pessimism [C] mild optimism [D] extreme hopefulness

　　4. The author of the text seems to oppose the idea of.

　　[A] free market [B] military control [C] strict regulations [D] unrestrained labors

　　5. The last sentence of the text indicates the author’s.

　　[A] hatred [B] affection [C] stubbornness [D] rejection

　　答案：1.A 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.D

　　核心词汇或超纲词汇

　　(1)provision(n.)提供，供给，如the ~ of housing提供住房

　　(2)sanction(n.)制裁;约束;处罚

　　(3)whip(n.)鞭子(本文中喻指激励措施)

　　(4)dispensation(n.)分发，分配

　　(5)dirty work 讨厌的工作，卑鄙龌龊的事

　　(6)arm(n.)(单数形式，与of sth.搭配)分部，职能部门，如the research ~ of the company(公司的科研部门)

　　(7)heyday(n.)全盛期

　　(8)in reserve储备，备用，如The money was being kept ~ for their retirement.(他们把钱存着以备退休后使用。)

　　(9)marshal(v.)集结，收集，整理，安排，如to ~ forces/one’s thoughts(集结队伍/整理想法)

　　全文翻译

　　在这个新的社会中，对工作给予正面的激励并不是一件轻松容易的任务，然而最困难的是找到一种最严厉的处罚来取代饥饿处罚——旧的分配方式中的经济激励手段。此外，在一个理所当然地拒绝假装将经济与政治分离开来，并且否认经济秩序自治权的社会中，这种处罚(即，饥饿处罚)只能在一些有意为之的社会行为中找到。我们不能再要求这只无形的手替我们做 “惹人讨厌的工作”了。

　　我承认对于社会某个部门，不管是国家机构还是工会组织的机构，拥有称之为劳动力管理的最终权力的前景，并不像某些人那样觉得恐惧，虽然，恐惧对我来说也是不可避免的。如果将这种前景等同于回到前资本主义时代，那么我的确应该觉得十分恐惧。自由放任主义的经济激励手段毫无疑问代表了那个时代向类似农奴状态的发展：相对意义上来说，资本主义宣称第一次建立的“自由”劳动力体制值得尊重。但是，英国在二战中实行的对劳动力的管理对于我来说，如同代表前资本主义农奴制的经济激励手段一样，似乎也代表了资本主义私人企业全盛时期经济激励手段的巨大进步。

　　对正面激励效果的依赖与对集体的团结一致和自我约束的依赖一样多。毕竟，在自由放任资本主义制度下，对饥饿的恐惧仍然是一种最严厉的处罚，而不是一股持续有效的力量。如果工人被有意识的对饥饿的恐惧感驱赶着去工作，那是不可容忍的，而且除了在工业革命早期最糟糕的阶段，这种事情也通常不会发生。同样，在未来的社会中，管理的权力不应当被视为一项日常使用的工具，而应当被看作备用的一种最严厉的制裁，只有在自愿的方法不管用的时候才使用。很难想象，在任何现在可预见的时期或条件下，任何英国国家机构处于这样一种处境：像在战场上的军队一样通过军队纪律集结和部署全世界的经济劳动力。这种像计划经济一样的恶梦，可以留给那些喜欢用稻草人吓自己或吓别人的人。

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