2019考研MTI语言学·第一部分·语言与语言学(三)

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　　3)The Origin of Language

　　There are some well-known theories about the origin of language: the natural response theory, also called Ding-Dong theory, “sing-song” theory, “pooh-pooh” theory, “yo-he-yo” theory, "Ta-Ta" theory, and “bow-wow” theory about the origin of language. However, up to now all the theories remain to the fruitless researches.

　　目前为止, 关于语言的起源的主要理论有：语言先天反射理论页脚“叮咚”理论、“sing-song”理论、“噗噗”理论、“呦-嗬-呦”理论、“Ta-Ta”理论和“汪汪”理论。但是到目前为止这些理论都是无果的探索。

　　① The natural response theory: Put forward by German scholar M. MÜller(1813-1900), the natural response theory postulates that language began with vocal expressions being assigned to objects found in the environment.

　　①语言先天反射理论：由德国学者M. MÜller提出, 这种理论认为人类从外界得到感受, 自然会发出相应的声音反映与环境的协调。

　　② The sing-song theory: It holds that language develops from primitive ritual songs of praise.

　　②“sing-song”理论：认为语言源于原始人在举行典礼时有节奏的歌唱。

　　③ The pooh-pooh theory: The theory traces language back to interjections which expresses the speakers’ emotions.

　　③“噗噗”理论：这个理论把语言追溯到原始表达人类思想感情的感叹词。

　　④ The yo-he-you theory: It explains that language originated from the cries uttered during strain of work.

　　④“呦-嗬-呦”理论：认为语言起源于原始人共同劳动时发出的有节奏的哼呦声。

　　⑤ Ta-Ta theory: It believes that body movement precede language. Language began as an unconscious vocal imitation of these movements.

　　⑤ “Ta-Ta”理论：此理论认为人类的肢体动作先于语言产生。语言就是人类在无意识地模仿这些动作的时候产生的。

　　⑥ The bow-wow theory: It holds that language originated from people’s imitations of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.

　　⑥“汪汪”理论：此理论认为语言源于人们模仿动物的和其他人们能听到的自然界的声音。

　　4) Functions of Language

　　① Jackobson’s view

　　For Jackobson, language is above all, as any semiotic system, for communication. He established a well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communication, namely: referential (to convey message and information), poetic( to indulge in language for its own sake), emotive( to express attitudes, feelings, and emotions), conative( to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties), phatic( to establish communion with others) and metalingual function( to clear up intentions, words and meanings).

　　4)语言的功能

　　①雅克布逊的观点

　　雅克布逊认为, 和任何符号系统一样, 语言首先是为了交流。他在交流系统的六大要素的基础之上建立了一套著名的语言功能的框架, 即：所指功能(传达信息), 诗学功能(享受语言自身的乐趣), 情感功能(表达态度、感觉和感情), 意动功能(通过命令和恳求去说服和影响他人), 寒暄功能(与他人建立交流), 和元语言功能(弄清意图、词语和意义)。

　　② Halliday’s view

　　Halliday put forward a theory of metafunctions of language, including IDEATIONAL, INTERPERSONAL, and TEXTUAL functions.

　　②韩礼德的观点

　　韩礼德提出语言元功能的理论, 即：概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能。

　　Ideational function: It refers to the fact that language has the function to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer.

　　概念功能：指语言具有表达新的信息或是给听话者传递一定的未知内容的功能。

　　Interpersonal function: It refers to the fact that language has the function to embody all uses of language to express social and personal relations. This includes the various ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act.

　　人际功能：指语言能使说话者充分运用语言来表达社会和个人的关系, 包括说话者进入语言情境和实施言语行为的方式。

　　Textual function: It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences.

　　语篇功能：指语言中存在着一种机制将口头或书面的话语组织成连贯同一的语篇, 这种机制使实际的语言区别于一系列随意的句子。

　　③ Basic functions

　　Informative function: The informative function is predominantly the major role of language; it is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar. That is, the speaker’s expression of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness.

　　③基本功能

　　信息功能：信息功能是语言的最主要的角色, 在功能语法的框架里, 信息功能也被称为概念功能。也就是说, 语言为表达内容服务, 这个内容就是：说话者在真实世界的经验, 包括他自我意识的内部世界。

　　Interpersonal function: The interpersonal function is the most sociological use of language, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.

　　人际功能：人际功能是语言最主要的社会功能, 人们通过它建立和维持在社会中的身份和地位。

　　Performative function: The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions.

　　施为功能：语言的施为功能主要是为了改变人们的社会地位, 例如婚礼、判刑、为孩子祈福、首航仪式上对船的命名和诅咒敌人等行为。施为功能可以延伸到在特殊的或宗教的场合中对于事件的支配。

　　Emotive function: The emotive function changes the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. It is similar to expressive function but the latter can be entirely personal and totally without any implication of communication to others.

　　感情功能：感情功能用以改变听着赞成或反对某人、某物的态度。它与表达功能相似, 但表达功能还包括自言自语。

　　Phatic communion function: The phatic function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.

　　寒暄功能：寒暄功能指的是那些有助于说明和维持人际关系的表达。

　　Recreational function: The recreational function refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.

　　娱乐功能：娱乐功能指为了纯粹的乐趣而使用语言, 如婴儿的牙牙学语, 唱歌者的吟唱。

　　Metalingual function: The metalingual function means that we can use language to talk about language.

　　元语言功能：元语言功能指我们可以用语言来讨论语言本身。