2019考研英语二Text 1解析及答案选项分析

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2019考研英语二Text 1解析及答案选项分析

　　1---①Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. ②Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. ③This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.

　　2---①In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. ②It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. ③Yet this understanding is outdated.④ “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,”says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. ⑤Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. ⑥Too much happiness can be destructive.

　　3---①And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. ②Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. ③It is a kind of social glue.

　　4---①Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. ②Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. ③In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. ④Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. ⑤And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.

　　5---①In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children. ②Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. ③Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. ④For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. ⑤The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.

　　6---“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”

　　21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______

　　A. regulate a child’s basic emotions

　　B. improve a child’s intellectual ability

　　C. intensify a child’s positive feelings

　　D. foster a child’s moral development

　　【定位分析】：本题的关键词是guilt和a good thing定位于第一段。

　　【选项分析】：根据第一段最后两句话，孩子们并非天生会道歉，他们要花很长时间了解到道歉有助于抚慰父母和朋友以及自己的内心，(own consciences)，这种道德上的内疚感(moral guilt)有助于修复关系(reparative)，使孩子亲近社会(prosocial)，属于道德能得到良性发展，因此从D为正确选项。A选项涉及其它基础情绪(emotions)的调节，属于曲解文意。本文未涉及知识智慧能力(intellectual)的培养，因此B选项无中生有。文章中的内疚感并不属于正面情绪，因此C选项正反混淆。

　　22. According to paragraph 2，many people still consider guilt to be______

　　A. deceptive B. addictive C. burdensome D. inexcusable

　　【定位分析】：本题的关键词是many people 定位于第二段。

　　【选项分析】：根据第二段第三句话，内疚感让人深感不安，就像穿着带有石头的外套(wearing a jacket weighted with stones)，即感觉有压力有重担，因此与C选项含义相同。A选项“欺诈的”、B选项“上瘾的”以及D选项“不可宽赦的”均不符合前后逻辑。

　　23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______

　　A. an emotion can play opposing roles

　　B. emotions are socially constructive

　　C. emotional stability can benefit health

　　D. emotions are context-independent

　　【定位分析】：本题的关键词是Vaish，可以定位于第二段第四句话。问题是Vaish 认为“对内疚感的重新思考”来自于人们意识到什么?

　　【选项分析】：根据第二段第四句，Vaish认为“现在人们不认为内疚感一定就是负面的，人们已经重新思考内疚感的定义(what guilt is)和作用(role)。Vaishi补充道这种重新思考(revival)是“目前人们取得更多认识(a larger recognition)”的一部分，目前人们认为情绪不是“非黑即白”的(binary)东西，在某个环境中有利的情绪有可能在另一个环境中是有害的，即情绪有两面性，有互为相反的作用(opposing roles)，因此A选项与原文相同含义为正确选项，相信大部分学霸都看不懂binary的真正意思，我们可以根据“模糊阅读法”，只看破折号之后即可;而且其它选项较容易排除，即可以排除法选A。另外，第四句中的revival在上下文中指的就是重新思考，因此和题干中的rethinking同义替换，第四句中的recognition也和题干中的awareness同义替换。其它选项属于曲解文意。BC选项属于无中生有，文章没有说“情绪具有社会建设性socially constructive”，或情绪稳定有利于健康(health);D选项是正反混淆，原文含义是情绪有两面性，因情况而决定，而不是与环境无关(independent)。

　　24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing______.

　　A. may help correct emotional deficiencies

　　B. can bring about emotional satisfaction

　　C. can result from either sympathy or guilt

　　D. may be the outcome of impulsive acts

　　【定位分析】：本题的关键词：Malti，cooperation and sharing，因此可以定位于第四段第三句，问题是Malti和其它人显示合作与分享是怎样的?

　　【选项分析】：根据第四段第三句经过多次研究，Malti等人发现(have shown )内疚和同情可能代表了通往合作和分享的不同路径(different pathways)，也就是说“合作和分享有两个来源：要么是合作要么是同情，因此选项C与原文相同含义为正确选项。A, B，D选项均属于无中生有，文章没有提及改正情绪缺陷(emotional deficiencies)，情绪满足(emotional satisfaction);以及冲动行为(impulsive acts)。

　　25. The word “transgressions” most probably refers to______.

　　A. wrongdoings B. discussions C. restrictions D. teachings

　　【定位分析】：本题的关键词：transgressions，属于猜词题，因此可以定位于第五段上下文。

　　【选项分析】：根据第五段第二句话“feel negative emotions after moral transgressions”，可以从after一词看出先有moral transgressions，然后才有负面情绪negative emotions，人类常识知道：一般是做了坏事，违背道德的事情才会使人感到负面情绪，不可能做了好事心情郁闷，因此只有A选项属于负面行为，因此A为正确选项。其它选项“讨论”，“限制”，“教育”均属于中性表达，不符合上下文逻辑。

　　【正确答案】： 21. D 22. C 23.A 24.C 25. A

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