Financial regulators in Britain have

　　考研的备考中，对于历年真题的复习，也是提升考试分数的重要方法。为了让大家更好的积累学习，小编为大家整理了历年考研真题，下面是关于“Financial regulators in Britain have”，希望对大家有更好的帮助。

　　1、Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“ Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism" In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing," said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism”. In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that "a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.1.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the( ) .2.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate( ).3.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be( ).4.The US and France examples are used to illustrate( ).5.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　问题1

　　A、enhance banker's sense of responsibility

　　B、help corporations achieve larger profits

　　C、build a new system of financial regulation

　　D、guarantee the bonuses of top executives

　　问题2

　　A、the conditions for generating quick profits

　　B、governments' impatience in decision-making

　　C、the solid structure of publicly traded companies

　　D、"short-termism" in economics activities

　　问题3

　　A、indirect

　　B、adverse

　　C、minimal

　　D、temporary

　　问题4

　　A、the obstacles to preventing short-termism

　　B、the significance of long-term thinking

　　C、the approaches to promoting long-termism

　　D、the prevalence of short-term thinking

　　问题5

　　A、Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

　　B、Patience as a Corporate Virtue

　　C、Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

　　D、Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

　　2、When older people can no longer remember names at a cocktail party, they tend to think that their brainpower is declining. But more and more studies suggest that this assumption is often wrong. Instead, the research finds, the aging brain is simply taking in more data and trying to sift through a clutter of information, often to its long-term benefit. The studies are analyzed in a new edition of a neurology book, “Progress in Brain Research.”Some brains do deteriorate with age. Alzheimer’s disease, for example, strikes 13 percent of Americans 65 and older. But for most aging adults, the authors say, much of what occurs is a gradually widening focus of attention that makes it more difficult to latch onto just one fact, like a name or a telephone number. Although that can be frustrating, it is often useful. “It may be that distractibility is not, in fact, a bad thing,” said Shelley H. Carson, a psychology researcher at Harvard whose work was cited in the book. “It may increase the amount of information available to the conscious mind.”For example, in studies where subjects are asked to read passages that are interrupted with unexpected words or phrases, adults 60 and older work much more slowly than college students. Although the students plow through the texts at a consistent speed regardless of what the out-of-place words mean, older people slow down even more when the words are related to the topic at hand. That indicates that they are not just stumbling over the extra information, but are taking it in and processing it. When both groups were later asked questions for which the out-of-place words might be answers, the older adults responded much better than the students.“For the young people, it’s as if the distraction never happened.” said an author of the review, Lynn Hasher, a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto and a senior scientist at the Rotman Research Institute. “But for older adults, because they’ve retained all this extra data, they’re now suddenly the better problem solvers. They can transfer the information they’ve soaked up from one situation to another.”In the real world, such tendencies can yield big advantages, where it is not always clear what information is important, or will become important. A seemingly irrelevant point or suggestion in a memo can take on new meaning if the original plan changes. Or extra details that stole your attention, like others’ yawning and fidgeting, may help you assess the speaker’s real impact.1.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that____2.Older adults tend to be forgetful because of____3.The studies mentioned in paragraph 3 show that____4.What can we infer from the last paragraph?5.The text intends to tell us that____

　　问题1

　　A、aging brains tend to process more information simultaneously.

　　B、one will become forgetful when he gets old.

　　C、older people don’t think their brainpower is falling.

　　D、the aged always stress long-term benefit.

　　问题2

　　A、their wide information.

　　B、the harm of Alzheimer’s disease.

　　C、their broader range of attention.

　　D、their frustration from limited attention.

　　问题3

　　A、out-of-place words are never negligible.

　　B、it is advisable for the old to read slowly.

　　C、there is nothing that can distract young people.

　　D、old people may be more attentive in face of distractions.

　　问题4

　　A、The forgetfulness of the old people turns to be their advantages.

　　B、The meaning of a point in a memo is changing anytime.

　　C、Wide attention is actually valuable in daily life.

　　D、Extra details influence one’s focus of attention.

　　问题5

　　A、brains do deteriorate with age.

　　B、an older brain may be a wiser brain.

　　C、a brain with disease is a brain with wisdom.

　　D、how an older brain processes information.

　　3、Marketers like to work on the demand side—take what s in demand, make it cheaper, run a lot of ads, make a profit. If you can increase demand for what you have already made, a lot of problems will take care of themselves. It’s the promise made by the typical marketing organization: Give us money, and we’ll increase demand.There’s an overlooked alternative. If you can offer a scarce and coveted good or service that others can’t, you win. What is both scarce and in demand? Things that are difficult: difficult to conceive, to convey, and to make. Sometimes difficult even, at first, to sell maybe an unpopular idea or a product that’s ahead of its time. In fact, just about the only thing that is not available in unlimited supply in an ever more efficient, connected world is the product of difficult work.It’s no longer particularly difficult to run a complex factory. There are people across the globe able to do it more cheaply than you. Commoditization doesn’t apply only to making and selling cheap goods. Almost everything they teach in business school is easy to do. It’s easy to do the options pricing model. Providing audit services isn’t difficult. Neither is running a high traffic website. Amazon will do it for you for pennies on the dollar.With a lack of difficulty comes more choice, more variation, and, yes, lower prices. And so consumers of every stripe are jaded. This puts huge pressure on organizations, because the race to the bottom demands that they either do all this easy work faster or do it cheaper than they did it yesterday. And there’s not a lot of room to do either one. The only refuge from the race to the bottom? Difficult work. Your only alternative is to create something scarce, something valuable, something that people will pay more for.What’s difficult? Creating beauty is difficult, whether it’s the tangible beauty of a brilliant innovation or the intangible essence of exceptional leadership. Beauty exists in an elegant and novel approach to a problem. Maybe it’s captured in a simple device that works intuitively, reliably, and efficiently or in an effective solution—a “beautiful” solution—to an organizational dysfunction. And it exists in the act of connecting with and leading people.Leading changes is difficult. It’s difficult to find hire, and retain people who are eager and able to change the status quo. It’s difficult to stick with a project that everyone seems to dislike. It’s difficult to motivate a team of people who have been lied to or had their spirits dashed.People who can do difficult work will always be in demand. And yet our default is to do the easy work, busywork, and work that only requires activity, not real effort or guts. That’s true of individuals, and also true of companies. That’s because we regard our role as cranking out average stuff for average people, pushing down price, and, at best, marginally improving value. That used to be the way to grow an organization.No longer. The world will belong to those who can create something scarce, not something cheap. The race to the top has just begun.1.In the text, difficult things are characterized by____2.What can we infer from paragraph 3 and 4 ?3.According to the text, which of the following can be seen as difficult work?4.The underlined phrase “a team of people” in paragraph 6 refers to____5.Our inclination to do easy work goes against____

　　问题1

　　A、meeting overlooked demands.

　　B、requiring big investments.

　　C、having scarce replacements.

　　D、challenging public tastes.

　　问题2

　　A、The lack of difficulty increases producers’ competitive strength.

　　B、Commoditization reduces producers’ difficulty in management.

　　C、Globalization has led to the race to the bottom.

　　D、Consumers hardly benefit from the competition among produces.

　　问题3

　　A、Inventing iPhone.

　　B、Persisting with ideas out of time.

　　C、Hosting an auction for antiques.

　　D、Cutting staff to resist economic crisis.

　　问题4

　　A、leaders.

　　B、producers.

　　C、marketers.

　　D、consumers.

　　问题5

　　A、the race to the bottom.

　　B、the growth of organizations.

　　C、the current market demand.

　　D、the race to the top.

　　4、Text 3 Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future. Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.” One respondent said. One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi's The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300- year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season-provided by Monash University's Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November's United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK. But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other's work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art. More than half a century' ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light-hance the "visual studies" in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa. Nature's poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery' and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.1、According to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have________.2、The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that________.3、Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership________.4、What does the author say about CAVS?5、In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations________.

　　问题1

　　A、caught the attention of critics.

　　B、received favorable responses.

　　C、promoted academic publishing.

　　D、sparked heated public disputes.

　　问题2

　　A、art can offer audiences easy access to science.

　　B、science can help with the expression of emotions.

　　C、public participation in science has a promising future.

　　D、art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations.

　　问题3

　　A、their role may be underestimated.

　　B、their reputation may be impaired.

　　C、their creativity may be inhibited.

　　D、their work may be misguided.

　　问题4

　　A、It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.

　　B、It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.

　　C、Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.

　　D、Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.

　　问题5

　　A、are likely to go beyond public expectations.

　　B、will intensify interdisciplinary competition.

　　C、should do more than communicating science.

　　D、are becoming more popular than before.

　　5、Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.1、The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being _____2、The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be _____.3、“ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to _____.4、Ms. Markova most probably agree that _____.5、Ryan’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing _____.

　　问题1

　　A、casual

　　B、familiar

　　C、mechanical

　　D、changeable.

　　问题2

　　A、predicted

　　B、regulated

　　C、traced

　　D、guided

　　问题3

　　A、tracks

　　B、series

　　C、characteristics

　　D、connections

　　问题4

　　A、ideas are born of a relaxing mind

　　B、innovativeness could be taught

　　C、decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas

　　D、curiosity activates creative minds

　　问题5

　　A、prevents new habits form being formed

　　B、no longer emphasizes commonness

　　C、maintains the inherent American thinking model

　　D、complies with the American belief system

　　1、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:B;

　　试题解析：

　　1.细节题。题目中明确出题段落(According to Paragraph 1)及相应的信息点(one motive in imposing the new rule)，因此，答案来源句则为第一段的第三句(The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution 这个规则主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任)，那么答案基本就很容易提取出来。选项中的“sense of responsibility”则对应到句中的“enhance banker's sense of responsibility(增加银行的责任)，其他的选项则与最佳选项无缘，在定位区间中没有相应的信息。

　　2.细节题。题干中的定位信息在“Alfred Marshall”上，直接定位到第二段的第二句，定位信息里的“this impatience”则是回指第二段首句的"short-termism"，故信息点则为"short-termism"，所以最佳选项则为"short-termism" in economic activities，而其他选项在定位信息中未提及。

　　3.细节题。此题的定位信息为题干的“transient investment”，直接定位到第三段的第二句“Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty”，从四个选项的褒贬正负来看indirect、minimal和temporary为中性的表述，只有B选项的adverse为明确的负面表达，意思为“不利的”，与原文中的“hinder”对应上。

　　4.例证题。根据题干的具体信息定位，美国和法国的例子是用来支撑什么论点。原文的第五、六段则提供了具体的信息，第五段中美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状;第六段则提及在法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权。所以，最佳选项应为“促进长期主义的方法”。

　　5.主旨题。题干中的title为标题题的信息，所以此题考查的是文章的主旨大意。B选项里的patience可以对应到全文中反复出现的主题词"short-termism"和"long-termism"，corporate本身在文章中出现多次，所以B选项为最佳标题，体现主旨大意;其余选项均不能概括全文，故排除。

　　2、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:B;

　　试题解析：

　　1.A

　　【解析】此题是一道细节分析题，考查对文章中相关细节的理解。第一段提出老年人记忆变差，并非是智能衰退，而是摄取更多信息并进行筛选，第二段引用该书作者的观点，提出老年人记忆广度在加宽，虽然记忆力下降了，但这很有用。两段的共同信息是老年人的大脑注意范围广，同时加工信息多，从而印证了A选项“老年人的头脑往往能同时处理更多的信息”的正确性。

　　2.C

　　【解析】本题考查对文章中相关细节的理解。根据题干信息be forgetful，我们可以定位到第二段转折后的句子“much of what occurs is a gradually widening focus of attention that makes it more difficult to latch onto just one fact...”，句中的 difficult to latch onto just one fact 对应题干中的 be forgetful;句中that所指代的内容就是健忘的原因，而that所指代的是先行词(widening focus of) attention，是C选项 their broader range of attention 的同义转述，所以C选项正确。

　　3.D

　　【解析】本题是一道细节分析题，考查对文章中相关细节的理解。第三段提出老年人和年轻大学生对阅读材料中干扰信息的加工不同，老年人降低阅读速度，深度加工了材料中的不恰当词语(out-of-place words)，被问及相关信息时，比学生反应更佳。但这只是实例的描述，应该结合前后文的论述对其加以总结，这个实证研究旨在证明前文的论题——老人的注意广度更宽，即忽略的信息更少了，老年人与年轻大学生面对干扰信息(distraction out-of-place words)时的对比，正好用D选项“老年人面对干扰时可能更加注意这些干扰信息”加以总结。所以答案为D。

　　4.C

　　【解析】本题考查对原文多处细节的推理及理解句子之间关系的能力。本题看似考查最后一段，其实应该结合上一段内容，找出such tendencies所指的内容——老年人更宽的注意广度，即对更多细节信息(包括干扰信息)的加工;如此一来，就解释清楚了本段主题句such tendencies can yield big advantages in the real world的含义：更宽的注意广度(甚至包括对干扰信息的加工)在现实生活中是一个很大的优势。抽象地说，是对老年人的注意广度给予了积极的评价，而C选项恰好对这个命题做了相应的总结。

　　5.B

　　【解析】本题是一道文章主旨题。考查对文章主旨和框架的理解。这是一篇选摘的文章，基本上保留了原文的框架。B选项就是文章的原标题，是全文主题的提炼和概括。纵览全文，首段提出老年人记忆变差，并非是智能衰退，而是大脑在深度加工信息;第二段提出老年人记忆广度在加宽，虽然记忆下降，但这很有用;第三、四段为相关实验的过程，并点评到老人由于注意广度，更善于解决与干扰相关的问题;第五段评价老人这种特征的优势。总而言之，文章对老年人的智能进行了正面的评价。B选项“老人的大脑可能是一个更聪明的大脑”既包含了核心问题——老人的智能(an older brain)，又对其进行了正面的评价(wiser)，是正确选项。

　　3、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:B;第3题:A;第4题:B;第5题:D;

　　试题解析：

　　1.C

　　【解析】这是一道细节分析题，考查考生理解文章事实细节的能力。答案信息来源于第二段。由第二段第二句可知，高难度商品或服务是别人无法提供的。故C选项为正确选项。由第二段首句可知，被忽视的是“提供高难度事物”这一方式，而不是对此类事物的需求。因此A选项错误;虽然第二段第四句指出，高难度事物的生成在各个环节都不容易，但无法由此推出其必然需要大量投入，故B选项错误;第二段第五句中“不受欢迎(unpopular)”的主张、“超前(ahead of its time)”的产品都是高难度事物的个别例子，不能由此推出所有的高难度事物都不符合大众品味，故D选项错误。

　　2.B

　　【解析】这是一道细节分析推理题，考查考生捕捉文章细节及推理引申的能力。答案信息来源于第三段，前两句表明制造便宜的产品变得简单。第三句承上启下，指出商品化不只涉及产销成本的降低。紧接着第四句至段末通过举例说明商业运营中涉及的其他活动(如制定期权定价模型、提供审计服务、管理网站等)也因商品化而变得简单，由此可知，B选项为正确选项。第四段首句表明，难度的缺乏使得同类产品增多，加剧了竞争，从而生产者不得不降低价格、减少自身利润空间以应对这种情况，并不能得出生产者的竞争力提高，A选项不正确。C选项强加因果，第三段第二句指出全世界(across the globe)总有人可以找出更省钱的生产方式，只能说明降低成本的难度降低，并未涉及全球化与削减成本(逐底竞争的方式之一)的因果关系。D选项也不正确，虽然第四段第二句指出消费者对低价产品感到厌倦，但不可否认，竞争产生的低价多少使消费者获益。

　　3.A

　　【解析】这是一道判断推理题，考查考生的推理引申能力。答案信息来源于第五、六段，高难度工作被定义为生产出稀缺、有价值、人们愿意花钱购买的东西，并指出其内容：①创造有形的运作可靠、有效的装置或无形的卓越领导力;②找到一种解决问题的新方案;③领导人和与人沟通;④领导改变。A选项体现了①的内容，因此为正确选项。B选项试图根据第二段第四句中ahead of its time(超前)设置体现④的内容，但out of time(不合时宜)的意义与其并不一致。C选项虽体现③中与人沟通的能力，但“拍卖”过程中并没有任何新产品生成。D选项不是②中解决危机问题的新方式。

　　4.B

　　【解析】本题考查根据上下文猜测词义。答案信息来源在第六段首句，它指出领导改变很难。其余内容通过三个同样结构的句子，从生产者角度说明在改变过程中可能遇到的困难，包括：寻找合适的人才;无惧外界的眼光;激发情绪受创的团队。由此可知，“a team of people”指的生产者，他们“受骗”(have been lied to)指的是他们受到营销人员需求分析的蒙蔽，一味追求需求量的增加;他们“情绪受创”(had their spirits dashed)是说直逼底限的成本削减使他们元气大伤，所以B选项(producers)为正确选项。

　　5.D

　　【解析】这是一道细节分析题。答案信息来源在第八段，其大意是：未来的冲顶之争将在创造稀缺事物的人之间展开，即进行高难度工作将逐渐成为主流。这与我们默认从事简单工作(包括粗制滥造寻常物、压低价格，或微不足道地提高价值)的做法相违背，故D选项为正确选项。同时可知A选项与上文意思相悖。由第七段末句可知，趋于从事简单工作的做法一度是壮大组织的方式，B选项错误。C选项夸大其辞，第七段首句指出，对高难度工作人才的需求一直存在，即目前的市场也需要大量从事高难度工作的人，但无法推知当前的市场不需要做简单工作的人，故我们默认的做法与市场需求不一定相悖。

　　4、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:A;第3题:A;第4题:B;第5题:C;

　　试题解析：第1题:

　　定位至第一段，Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun.(启发，富有挑战性， 振奋人心，有趣)，这些词都是Nature readers对art-science collaborations的评价，都是积极的回应。B选项中favorable responses是对这些词的概括。

　　A项无中生有，第一段并未出现critics(批评者)。C项无中生有，是利用常识(Nature学术期刊)设置的干扰项。D项无中生有，第一段并未提及公众激烈的争论。

　　第2题:

　　根据题干The Four Seasons定位到原文第三段。例证题考察的是例子想要证明的观点，第三段首句One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month并没有具体的观点，但是出现了one example，表明观点句应该example之前，再次定位到第二段，第二段Artists help scientists reach a broader audience(艺术帮助科学家接触到更广泛的群众)，与A选项意思一致。

　　B项“科学有助于情感的表达”原文未提及。C项无中生有。D项引申过渡，原文并没有说艺术可以帮助科学进行创新。

　　第3题:

　　根据题干partnership及artists可以定位到第四段。首句But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street.就表明伙伴关系应该是双向的。紧接着artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements(艺术家并不是仅仅帮助科学家沟通)其中的simply就体现出艺术学家认为自己的贡献不止一点，不应该被轻视。这与A选项“艺术家的角色可能会被轻视”相符合，故选择A。

　　BC项无中生有，原文并未提及艺术家的荣誉、创造力。D项错误解读原文，虽然提及了艺术家的工作，但并没有说他们的工作被误导。

　　第4题:

　　根据题干CAVS定位到文章第五段。光是科学家和艺术家都感兴趣的内容，所以可以成为合作的基础(Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration)，而CAVS就是以光之名，来促进科学艺术合作(art-science alliances)，这与B选项相符。且根据上一段的内容(呼吁双向伙伴关系)，本段应讲述促进双向发展的科学艺术合作，故选择B。

　　A选项无中生有，原文未提及由谁来管理CAVS。C项理解不到位，虽然文中提及Visual Studies，但是开展此类研究的目的仍然是促进合作。D项在文中未提及，文中呼吁的是双向共同发展。

　　第5题:

　　定位到最后一段，首句but之后讲到both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge双方都应投入时间，既要能接受惊喜还要等迎接挑战，随后又讲到go beyond the necessary purpose超越本意，都表明科学艺术合作需要在各个方面继续努力。C项符合本段主旨。

　　A选项过度推理the necessary purpose。B项中的competition在文中未提及。D项错误理解 this trend is as strong as ever其中的as…as结构表明程度相似。

　　5、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:A;

　　试题解析：第1题:

　　根据题干关键词，将本题定位于第一段第③句Not choice，but habit rules the unreflecting herd，这句话表明华兹华斯认为“并非选择，而是习惯支配着那些不善于思考的人”，unreflecting(缺乏思考的)一词表明华兹华斯对习惯是持否定态度的。同时，该段第②句也指出习惯会造成人们思维的惰性。这两句话相辅相成，都表明习惯具有程序化、模式化的特点，C选项mechanical(机械的)与此意思相近，故为正确答案。A选项的casual(随意的)没有表达这层意思。B选项来自第一段第②句，原文中familiar修饰的是routine，而不是habit，所以是答非所问。D选项来自第一段最后一句，但这句话强调的是21世纪是一个变化的(ever-changing)世纪，没有说习惯是可变的，所以D选项错误。

　　第2题:

　　第二段第②句指出：“大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径。”由此可知，新习惯的形成是一种有意识的活动。同时第三段第①句进一步指出“我们可以通过有意识地培养新习惯来引导自身的改变(we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits)"。四个选项中，只有guide与“有意识地培养含义最接近，故D选项为正确答案。其他三个选项predicted(预测)，regulated(调整)和traced(追踪)在文中没有相关信息可以推导出来，故均排除。

　　第3题:

　　根据第四段第①句 once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain，they're there to stay，我们知道“一旦旧的those ruts of procedure融入大脑，它们就会永远存在”。接着第②)句指出the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads(我们刻意培养的新习惯会避开旧路径，创建与之平行的路径)。由此可知，those ruts of procedure和those old roads是相对应的，即ruts和roads可以同义替换，A选项tracks(轨迹)和道路是近义词，所以为正确答案。其他选项和道路的概念不相符，不是上下文暗示的意思，故均排除。

　　第4题:

　　根据第五段第1句，道娜·玛克娃的观点是：革新需要对新奇事物感到着迷，即满怀好奇心(fascination with wonder)才能创新(innovation)，D选项中的curiosity，creative和第五段第1句中的wonder，innovation是同义替换，所以D为正确选项。A选项：根据第一段中setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine设置的干扰项，A选项只是选取其中几个关键词，拼凑出来的选项，并不是道娜·玛克娃的观点。B选项：根据第五段中we are taught instead to"decide"设置的干扰项，道娜·玛克娃的观点是我们被教导去作决定，但不去作决定才能鼓励革新，文章没有说创新是否可以被传授，因此B选项也是错误的。C选项：根据第五段第1句和第4句可知，文章强调革新源于新奇的想法，或革新源于探索各种其他可能性，而C选项偷换了主语，变成了“决定源于新奇的想法”故不正确。第五段主题：创新的首要条件是要有强烈的好奇心，要探索各种可能性。

　　第5题:

　　根据最后一段可知，赖恩的观点是：标准化测试过于强调分析和程序化能力，而忽视了对创新思维和合作思维的考查。即赖思认为标准化测试不利于培养创新思维。接着文章最后指出“这就是培养新习惯的意义所在”。也就是说培养新习惯可以促进创新思维，由此不难推导出标准化测试阻碍了新习惯的形成。所以A为正确选项。B选项：从最后一段第1句看赖恩是反对标准化测试的，而B选项显然是在支持考试，这就违背了赖恩的态度，从这个角度来说，B选项是正反混淆。C选项：文章最后一段第1句指出标准化测试意味着很少有人运用创新和合作的思维方式，由此可知，该测试已经改变了人们固有的思维方式，选项C也属于正反混淆。D选项：最后一段第2句指出，标准化测试打破了美国信念体系里的主要规则，D选项中的complies with(与 一致)和原文中的breaks(违背)相矛盾，所以D选项也是正反混淆。

　　以上“Financial regulators in Britain have”，更多关于考研真题内容将不断更新。