Among the annoying challenges facing the

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　　5、Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs? Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don’t appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations--trucking, financial advice, software engineering--have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine. This isn’t to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting. The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums--from grammar school to college--should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt. The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven’t been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them. Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality. Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.1、Who will be most threatened by automation?2、Which of the following best represents the author’s view?3、Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on ____.4、The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at ____.5、In this text, the author presents a problem with ____.

　　问题1

　　A、Leading politicians.

　　B、Low-wage laborers.

　　C、Robot owners.

　　D、Middle-class workers.

　　问题2

　　A、Worries about automation are in fact groundless.

　　B、Optimists’ opinions on new tech find little support.

　　C、Issues arising from automation need to be tackled.

　　D、Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided.

　　问题3

　　A、creative potential.

　　B、job-hunting skills.

　　C、individual needs.

　　D、cooperative spirit.

　　问题4

　　A、encouraging the development of automation.

　　B、increasing the return on capital investment.

　　C、easing the hostility between rich and poor.

　　D、preventing the income gap from widening.

　　问题5

　　A、opposing views on it.

　　B、possible solutions to it.

　　C、its alarming impacts.

　　D、its major variations.

　　5、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:C;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:B;

　　试题解析：第1题:

　　【解析】根据题干关键信息most threatened和automation可定位至文章第二段。本段第二句指出，牛津大学的一项研究显示，美国大约有一半的工作面临着被自动化取代的高风险，而中产阶级受到挤压的比例最高。第四句具体指出许多中产阶级的工作，比如货车运输、金融咨询、软件工程等，已经或即将引起机器人的兴趣。由此可知，中产阶级工人受自动化影响最为严重。故选D。

　　第2题:

　　【解析】文章第三段第二、三句提到，乐观主义者指出过去的技术变革给工人带来了益处。尽管工业革命对反对技术进步者来说并不是那么友好，因为他们的工作被自动化所取代，但最终工业革命提高了人们的生活水平，并创造了更多的工作机会。接着第四、五句又指出，自动化最终也会提高生产力，使工人从繁重枯燥的工作中解脱出来。但在这个过程中，中产阶级工人可能需要大量的帮助来进行调整。也就是说，中产阶级工人在调整适应变化时可能需要大量帮助。故选C。

　　第3题:

　　【解析】根据题干关键信息Education和put more emphasis on可定位至文章第四段。本段首句就指出应对自动化时代的第一步就是重新思考教育和职业培训。接着下文给出了具体方法：课程设置应当更多地关注创造力和复杂沟通技能的教育;职业学校应当更好地培养学生解决问题的能力;网络教育可以为人们提供额外的培训和指导。因此A选项正确。

　　第4题:

　　【解析】根据题干关键信息tax policies可定位至文章第六段。本段首句提到，由于自动化可能扩大资本收入和劳动收入之间的差距，所以税收和安全网将不得不重新考虑。接着具体解释税收政策应该如何调整，如削减低收入工人的税等;末句指出，这将提高收入，鼓励就业，减少不平等。由此可知，重新考虑税收政策的目的就是阻止收入差距扩大。故选D。

　　第5题:

　　【解析】纵观全文，作者在前两段提出中产阶级面临的一个问题，即自动化将威胁到中产阶级工人的工作，接着第三段指出乐观主义者认为这也许对工人们是有利的，只是中产阶级工人可能需要做出调整来适应这一改变。第四段至第六段就是作者给出的一些解决办法，如教育上要培养学生的创造力和实际技能，以及对于税收政策的调整等。最后一段则概括总结全文。所以这是一篇提出问题、分析问题并解决问题的文章。故选B。

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