考研英语阅读来源及文章解析：Are They Worth It?

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From The New York Times

　　By David Leonhardt

　　May 23,2007 Wed.

　　Worth a Lot, but Are They Worth It?

　　When Institutional Investor's Alpha magazine released its annual list of the highest paid hedge fund managers last month, it allowed the rest of us to play an entertaining little parlor game: what could you buy if you made as much money as those guys?

　　James Simons, a 69-year-old mathematician who was at the top of the list, earned $1.7 billion, which equaled the amount of money that the federal government spent last year running its vast network of national parks. Down at No. 3 on the list, Edward S. Lampert of Greenwich, Conn.; the investor who owns a large chunk of Sears, made $1.3 billion, which, if you forget about taxes, would have allowed him to buy the entire economic output of Sierra Leone. We're talking about real money here.

　　Today, Alpha magazine will release another big list; and this one offers a chance to answer another, arguably more important, question: Are these billionaire hedge fund managers really worth it?

　　The reason hedge funds are a license to print money is their fee structure. A typical fund charges a 2 percent management fee, which means that it keeps 2 cents of every dollar that it manages, regardless of performance. Mutual funds, on average, charge about 1 percent.

　　On top of the management fee, hedge funds also take a big cut-usually at least 20 percent-of any profits that exceed a predetermined benchmark.

　　So in a good year, a fund's managers bring in stunning amounts of money, and in a bad year, they still do very well. Some quick math shows why: 2 percent of a $5 billion portfolio, which was roughly the cutoff for making Alpha's list of the 100 largest funds, equals $100 million. A fund's managers get to take that fee every single year.

　　Last year was actually a pretty tough year for the industry. Because hedge funds tend to make a lot of countercyclical bets-thus the name-they can often turn a profit even when The stock market falls. When it's rising broadly, though, many struggle to keep up. Last year, the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index jumped 14 percent, while the average hedge fund returned less than 13 percent, after investment fees, according to Hedge Fund Research in Chicago.

　　But the men-and they are all men-who appear on Alpha's list of top earners don't manage average hedge funds. They manage the biggest funds in the world, the ones that are winning the Darwinian competition for capital, and many of them aren't having any trouble beating the market. One of the funds at Mr. Simons's firm, Renaissance Technologies, delivered a net return of 21 percent last year. The other returned 44 percent after fees. And Mr. Simons, who relies on a fantastically complex set of algorithms, doesn't charge " 2 and 20"-as the typical industry fees are called. He charges “5 and 44”—a 5 percent management fee and 44 percent of profits-yet he has still been doing very well by his investors for almost two decades.

　　I realize that a lot of people find 9-and 10-figure incomes to be inherently excessive. Or even immoral. From a strictly economic point of view, however, they are also perfectly rational. You cannot-find anyone else who is providing the same returns as the best hedge fund managers at a lower price. If you don't like it, you don't have to give them your money.

　　(Even if you do like it, they probably won't take your money: In exchange for being lightly regulated, hedge funds are open only to wealthy investors and big institutions.)

　　Thanks to their incredible performance, the biggest funds have grown far bigger in recent years. The 100 largest firms in the world managed $I trillion at the end of last year, or 69 percent of all the assets in hedge funds, according to Alpha. At the end of 2003, the top 100 had less than $500 billion, or only 54 percent of total hedge fund investments.

　　"The best performance is coming from the largest funds," said Christy Wood, who oversees equities investments for the California Public Employees' Retirement System, which, like a lot of pension funds, is moving more money into hedge funds.

　　But there is an irony to this influx of money. It all but guarantees that hedge fund pay over the next few years won't be as closely tied to performance as it has been. The hundreds of millions of dollars that have flowed into hedge funds have made it all the harder for fund managers to find truly undervalued investments. The world is awash in capital.

　　All that capital, of course, also translates into ever-greater management fees, regardless of a fund's performance. The flagship hedge fund at Goldman Sachs lost 6 percent last year, but it still brought in a nice stream of fees. Bridgewater Associates, which is based in Greenwich, has earned a net return of less than 4 percent in each of the last two years. Yet its founder, Raymond T. Dalio , made $350 million in 2006.

　　“when we have a bad year, we're essentially flat," Parag Shah, a Bridgewater executive, told me."And when we have a good year, we have a great year."

　　Goldman and Bridgewater may well bounce back, but the combination of extraordinary pay and ordinary performance is going to occur more and more in the coming years.

　　Outside of the highfliers on the Alpha list, it's already the norm. Since 2000, the average hedge fund hasn't done any better, after fees, than the market as a whole, according to research by David A. Hsieh, a finance professor at Duke. Still, even mediocre managers, after a lucky year or two, are able to attract gobs of capital and charge " 2 and 20."

　　So are today's hedge fund managers really worth it? Sure, but only if they deliver the sort of performance that Mr. Simons has, and very few will in the years ahead. More to the point, it's extremely difficult to know who the stars will be.

　　In all sorts of walks of life, people tend to think that the past is a better predictor of the future than it really is. That's why journeyman baseball player—a Yankees pitcher named Carl Pavano comes to mind-are able to sign huge contracts based on a single good season it's also why so many investors chase returns.

　　The genius of the world's hedge fund managers isn't only in how they invest their money. It also lies in having set up an industry that takes advantage of a timeless human trait.