武汉科技大学2020年620外国语专业综合真题及答案

　　武汉科技大学2020年620外国语专业综合真题及答案

　　注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效；考完后试题随答题纸交回。

　　本试卷由A, B两部分构成；选择题的答案，请考生在答题册上先标明大题，然后再按小题顺序写出小题的阿拉伯数字及相应的最佳答案字母代号。所有题目均须用英语答卷。共七大题，93个小题，小题连续编号。誊写答案时，请按下列格式：

　　Part A Comprehensive English

　　I. Vocabulary.

　　1. 2. 3. 4. 5 6. 7. 8. 9 . 10.

　　……

　　II. Structure.

　　26. 27. 28. 29. 30 ……

　　III. Sentence paraphrase.

　　41.……

　　IV. Reading comprehension.

　　46. 47. 48. 49. 50 ……

　　Part B Linguistics

　　V. General linguistics knowledge.

　　66. 67. 68. 69. 70 ……

　　VI. Explain the terms.

　　86.

　　87. ……

　　VII. Answer the questions.

　　91.

　　92.

　　93.

　　Part A: Comprehensive English

　　I. Vocabulary. (25X1’=25 points)

　　Directions: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　1.When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his _____ can be distributed.

　　A.paradoxes B. legacies C. platitudes D. analogies

　　2.In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the _____ of the bond with the parent in divorce that was vital.

　　A.disposition B. distinction C. distribution D. disruption

　　3.Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,_____ their cleanness, toughness and low cost.

　　A.by virtue of B. in addition to C. for the sake of D. as opposed to

　　4.For nearly 50 years, Speck has been a ____ author, writing 13 books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.

　　A.prevalent B. precautious C. prospective D. prolific

　　5.The business was forced to close down for a period but was ____ revived.

　　A.successively B. subsequently C. predominantly D. preliminarily

　　6.The poor quality of sound of the film mined the ____ perfect product.

　　A.rather B. much C. otherwise D. particularly

　　7.They reached a (n) ____ to keep their dispute out of the mass media.

　　A.understanding B. acknowledgement C. concession D. surrender

　　8.The term “New Australians” came into vogue in the 50s and 60s, which implied that the goal of immigration was assimilation and that migrants would place their new-found Australian identity ahead of the ____ context from which they had come.

　　A.athletic B. ethic C. aesthetic D. ethnic

　　9.She was ____ by the lack of appreciation shown of her hard work.

　　A.frustrated B. dispersed C. functioned D. displaced

　　10.As the society has rigid social____ , everyone knows his role in the society.

　　A.hemisphere B. contempt C. controversy D. hierarchy

　　11.It turned out that he had ____ the whole story just to cheat his friends.

　　A.dissipated B. diverged C. detached D. fabricated

　　12.He was ____ by the noise outside yesterday evening and could not concentrate on his study.

　　A.pecked B. oriented C. perturbed D. paddled

　　13.He is often inclined to ____ in other people’s affairs, which is none of his business.

　　A.manipulated B. lumbered C. meddle D. littered

　　14.He was _____ to take over the duties and responsibilities of his father from an early age.

　　A.deduced B. damped C. diminished D. destined

　　15.Such questions should be approached honestly and in full awareness that ___ loan agreements will cost money due to cancellation or other charges.

　　A.compressing B. terminating C. conforming D. contending

　　16.The language experts believe that the ____ age for learning a foreign language is 6 years old.

　　A.conceptual B. considerate C. optimal D. component

　　17.The evil manners would be ____ root and branch due to the forceful action taken by the local government.

　　A.exterminated B. exemplified C. facilitated D. emitted

　　18.We all know that it is very hard to ____ him to give his plan up.

　　A.endeavor B. reduce C. assert D. induce

　　19.Russian women had to wear protective masks as they walked in Moscow, which was ____ by a heavy smog yesterday.

　　A.shrouded B. unveiled C. decayed D. deprived

　　20.In that country, a person who marries before legal age must have a parent’s ____ to obtain a license.

　　A.sanction B. warrant C. malignance D. affirmation

　　21.To be a successful criminal, one must be _____.

　　A.empirical B. emigrant C. elegant D. elusive

　　22.The low operating costs of the foreign company will ____ the high labor costs the business pays in its own country.

　　A.offend B. obstruct C. oblige D. offset

　　23.____ was given by the committee to all of those who donated money.

　　A.Recognition B. Attention C. Tribute D. Acknowledgement

　　24.It was their ____ decision to leave their country, and as a result, they lost their citizenship.

　　A.compulsory B. deliberate C. carefree D. modest

　　25.She _____ scarlet fever when she was a baby and lost her eyesight.

　　A.distorted B. contracted C. subtracted D. distracted

　　II. Structure.

　　Directions: In this part, there are 15 incomplete sentences. Following each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. (15X1’=15 points)

　　26._____ is medical technology that allows the prolongation of life artificially while the world is already over-populated?

　　A.Of what use B. What use C. Of which use D. Which use

　　1.I would like to say that a theory is essentially an abstract, symbolic representation of ____ reality.

　　A.What it is conceived B. that is conceived

　　C. that is being conceived of D. what is conceived of

　　28. A girl contemplates _____ a sweater previously worn by her ex-boyfriend, but she finds the garment repulsive.

　　A. to slip into B. to slip C. slipping into D. slip into

　　29. _____ that the earth was flat?

　　A. Used it to be thought B. Did it used to be thought

　　C. Was it used to being thought D. Does it used to be thought

　　30. It is most inappropriate ____ in the college VIP lounge.

　　A. for any students to be there B. for there to be any students

　　C. to be any students there D. to have there any students

　　31. She ____ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising the questions.

　　A. got B. would have got C. had got D. would be getting

　　32. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students, ______.

　　A. whether they are future physicists or chemists

　　B. be they future physicists or chemists

　　C. they are future physicists or chemists

　　D. they should be future physicists or chemist

　　33. The general opinion is that he is _____ to complain.

　　A. so much a milquetoast B. too a milquetoast

　　C. too much of a milquetoast D. so much of a milquetoast

　　34. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably clear that in certain countries-Rwanda, Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslavia come to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolute food shortage ____ a policy decision or the political situation.

　　A. than of B. rather than C. but the result of D. than is

　　35. The ozone layer plays as great a role in the stability of spaceship Earth as ____ the waters of its lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.

　　A. do B. does C. play D. are

　　36. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was _____ last week.

　　A. to be started B. to have started C. to have been starting D. start

　　37. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, the daily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, _____ its grammatical structure.

　　A. the same as B. and so are C. as did D. and so were

　　38. Although money is always useful, it isn’t all _____.

　　A. what there is to life B. to which there is in life

　　C. there is to life D. that is in life

　　39. Although her research topic had been approved by her thesis advisor, the library persisted in ____ the documents.

　　A. its denial for access B. deny her access to

　　C. denying her access to D. denying her access for

　　40. Their differences were irreconcilable: they had no alternative ____ the law to settle the dispute between them.

　　A. but going to B. but to go C. but go to D. but invoking

　　III. Paraphrase the following sentences. (5X3’=15 points)

　　41. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness.

　　42. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love…

　　43. My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear.

　　44. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure.

　　45. Every society is really governed by hidden laws, by unspoken but profound assumptions on the part of the people.

　　IV. Reading Comprehension

　　Section A:

　　Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET. (10X 1’= 10 points)

　　Grow up Colored

　　[A] You wouldn’t know Piedmont anymore-my Piedmont, I mean-the town in West Virginia where learned to be a colored boy.

　　[B] The 1950s in Piedmont was a time to remember, or at least to me. People were always proud to be from Piedmont-lying at the foot of a mountain, on the banks of the mighty Potomac. We knew God gave America no more beautiful location. I never knew colored people anywhere who were crazier about mountains and water, flowers and trees, fishing and hunting. For as long as anyone could remember, we could outhunt, outshoot, and outswimthe white boys in the valley.

　　[C] The social structure of Piedmont was something we knew like the back of our hands. It was an immigrant town; white Piedmont was Italian and Irish, with a handful of wealthy WASPs on East Hampshire Street，and “ethnic” neighborhoods of working-class people everywhere else, colored and white.

　　[D] For as long as anyone can remember, Piedmont’s character has been completely bound up with the Westvaco paper mill: its prosperous past and doubtful future. At first glance, the town is a typical dying mill center. Many once beautiful buildings stand empty, evidencing a bygone time of spirit and pride. The big houses on East Hampshire Street are no longer proud, as they were when I was a kid.

　　[E] Like the Italians and the Irish, most of the colored people migrated to Piedmont at the turn of the 20th century to work at the paper mill, which opened in 1888. All the colored men at the paper mill worked on “the platform”-loading paper into truck until the craft unions were finally integrated in 1968. Loading is what Daddy did every working day of his life. That’s what almost every colored grown-up I knew did.

　　[F] Colored people lived in three neighborhoods that were clearly separated. Welcome to the Colored Zone, a large stretched banner could have said. And it felt good in there, like walking around your house in bare feet and underwear，or snoring right out loud on the couch in front of the TV--enveloped by the comforts of home, the warmth of those you love.

　　[G] Of course, the colored world was not so much a neighborhood as a condition of existence. And though our own world was seemingly self-contained, it impacted on the white world of Piedmont in almost every direction. Certainly, the borders of our world seemed to be impacted on when some white man or woman showed up where he or she did not belong, such as at the black Legion Hall. Our space was violated when one of them showed up at a dance or a party. The rhythms would be off. The music would sound not quite right. Everybody would leave early.

　　[H] Before 1955, most white people were just shadowy presences in our world, vague figures of power like remote bosses at the mill or clerks at the bank. There were exceptions, of course, the white people who would come into our world in routine, everyday ways we all understood. Mr. Mail Man, Mr. Insurance Man, Mr. White-and-Chocolate Milk Man, Mr. Landlord Man Mr. Police Man: we called white people by their trade, like characters in a mystery play. Mr. Insurance Man would come by every other week to collect payments on college or death policies, sometimes 50 cents or less.

　　[I] “it’s no disgrace to be colored,” the black entertainer Bert Williams famously observed early in the century, “but it is awfully inconvenient.” For most of my childhood, we couldn’t eat in restaurants or sleep in hotels, wecouldn’t use certain bathrooms or try on clothes in stores. Mama insisted that we dress up when we went to shop. She was carefully dressed when she went to clothing stores, and wore white pads called shields under her arms so her dress or blouse would show no sweat. “We’d like to try this on,” she’d say carefully, uttering her words precisely and properly. “We don’t buy clothes we can’t try on, ” she’d say when they declined, and we’d walk out in Mama’s dignified manner，She preferred to shop where we had an account and where everyone knew who she was.

　　[J] At the Cut-Rate Drug Store, on one colored was allowed to sit down at the counter or tables, with one exception: my father. I don’t know for certain why Car Dadisman, the owner, wouldn’t stop Daddy from sitting down. But I believe it was in part because Daddy was so light-colored, and in part because, during his shift at the phone company, he picked up orders for food and coffee for the operators. Colored people were supposed to stand at the counter, get their food to go, and leave. Even when Young Doc Bess would set up the basketball team with free Cokes after one of many victories, the colored players had to stand around and drink out of paper cups while the white players and cheerleaders sat down in comfortable chairs and drank out of glasses.

　　[K] I couldn’t have been much older than five or six as I sat with my father at the Cut-Rate one afternoon, enjoying ice cream. Mr. Wilson, a stony-faced Irishman, walked by. “Hello, Mr. Wilson,” my father said.

　　“Hello, George.”

　　[L] I was genuinely puzzled. Mr. Wilson must have confused my father with somebody else, but who? There weren’t any Georges among the colored people in Piedmont. “Why don’t you tell him your name, Daddy?” I asked loudly. “Your name isn’t George.”

　　“He knows my name, boy,” my father said after a long pause. “He calls all colored people George.”

　　[M] I knew we wouldn’t talk about it again; even at that age, I was given to understand that there were some subjects it didn’t do to worry to death about. Now that I have children, I realize that what distressed my father wasn’t so much the Mr. Wilsons of the world as the painful obligation to

　　explain the racial facts of life to someone who hadn’t quite learned them yet. Maybe Mr. Wilson couldn’t hurt my father by calling him George; but I hurt him by asking to know why.

　　46. The author felt as a boy that his life in a separated neighborhood was casual and cozy. [ ]

　　47. There is every sign of decline at the paper mill now. [ ]

　　48. One reason the author’s father could sit and eat at the drug store was that hedidn’t look that dark. [ ]

　　49. Piedmont was a town of immigrants from different parts of the world. [ ]

　　50. In spite of the awful inconveniences caused by racial prejudice, the author’s family managed to live a life of dignity. [ ]

　　51. The author later realized he had caused great distress to his father by asking why he was wrongly addressed. [ ]

　　52. The author took pride in being from Piedmont because of its natural beauty. [ ]

　　53. Colored people called white people by the business they did. [ ]

　　54. Colored people who lived in Piedmont did heavy manual jobs at the paper mill. [ ]

　　55. The colored people felt uneasy at the presence of the whites in their neighborhoods. [ ]

　　Section B

　　Directions: There is a passage followed by some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C），and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark on the ANSWER SHEET. (10X 1’= 10 points)

　　Did Birds Evolve from Dinosaurs?

　　Para.1 In the mid-1800s, scientists discovered the complete skeleton of a dinosaur called Archaeopteryx lithographica. The creature, which might have grown to a maximum size of about one and a half feet, was thought to have lived approximately 150 million years ago and, curiously, had features that resembled not only dinosaurs，but modern birds as well. For instance, while it had sharp teeth and a bony tail like the dinosaurs of its time, it also had wings and feathers like modern birds. Despite these similarities to birds, the general consensus within the scientific community was that the closest living relatives of dinosaurs were reptiles, like lizards and alligators. It wasn’t until 1969, when paleontologists discovered the fossils of a dinosaur called Deinonychus antirrhopus, that the debate about whether or not birds evolved from dinosaurs was reopened.

　　Para.2 The main problem with the theory linking dinosaurs to modern birds-which was also the main support for arguments that reptiles were, in fact, the closest living ancestors of dinosaurs-was the belief that dinosaurs did not have furculae, or wishbones. The main function of this fork-shaped bone, which is located at the base of the neck on birds, is to reinforce the skeleton against the many stresses of flight. However, fossil evidence found in recent years has revealed that many dinosaurs did indeed have furculae. For example, the dinosaurs in the Dromaeosauridae family, a group of bird-like dinosaurs, are all believed to have had furculae. This discovery contradicts the theory that the bones are unique to birds.

　　Para.3 In addition to the observation of furculae in dinosaur fossils, paleontologists have identified a number of other structural similarities between birds and dinosaurs. For example, comparisons between the skeletons of birds and those of dinosaurs like Velociraptor mongoliensis and Deinonychus reveal that birds and dinosaurs share many unique skeletal features. For instance, Velociraptor fossils show that the creature’s front limbs, the construction of which would have presumably allowed for great flexibility, are similar to those of modern birds. On the other hand, no such likenesses exist between dinosaurs and early reptiles.

　　Para. 4 Such evidence of structural similarities is only one of many reasons that paleontologists now generally agree that birds evolved from dinosaurs. Another compelling piece of evidence is the presence of feathers in both organisms. Fossils of Archaeopteryx, which many experts now consider to be both a dinosaur and a bird, feature imprints of feathers that closely resemble those found on modern birds. Since the discovery of Archacopteryx, paleontologists have discovered fossils demonstrating that a number of other dinosaurs that were likely related to Archacopteryx also had feathers. Furthermore, even the fossils of dinosaurs that were not related to Archaeopteryx, such as Tyrannosaurus rex, have been found to have long feather-like structures that are commonly referred to as protofeathers, According to many paleontologists, the main function of protofeathers was to insulate dinosaurs from cold temperatures, not to assist with flight, which accounts for why many flightless dinosaurs may have had them. Because no other animals besides dinosaurs and birds have been found to have feathers, scientists believe that the existence of feathers is a strong indication that the two animals are directly related.

　　Para. 5 Paleontologists have also found evidence that lungs of dinosaurs were shaped similarly to birds’ lungs. Most animals, including primates, lizards, and frogs, have lungs with two compartments. However, birds have extra air sacs in front of and behind their lungs that allow them to keep their lungs inflated constantly. Studies of dinosaur skeletons indicate that some

　　dinosaurs also had lungs with extra chambers. Like the similarities in skeletal structures and the existence of feathers in both groups, the fact that only birds and dinosaurs have these extra lung chambers reveals that birds probably evolved from dinosaurs and are thus their closest living relatives

　　56. In paragraph 1, the author mentions wings and feathers in order to____.

　　A. point out features shared by Archaeopteryx and modern birds

　　B. explain the small size of Archaeopteryx fossils

　　C. argue that Archaeopteryx was most likely a bird and not a dinosaur

　　D. describe what Archaeopteryx probably looked like

　　57. The word consensus in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____ .

　　A. question B. debate C. evidence D. agreement.

　　58. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the underlined sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect answer options change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. The idea that dinosaurs did not have wishbones was the chief difficulty in proving that modern birds were related to dinosaurs.

　　B. Many people believed that reptiles were the closest living ancestors of dinosaurs because, like dinosaurs, they do not have furculae.

　　C. The main reason that scientists couldn’t link modern birds and dinosaurs was because they could not find furculae in most modern bird species.

　　D. Dinosaurs’ presumed lack of wishbones made people think that birds, not reptiles, were their closest living ancestors.

　　59. The word reinforce in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ____.

　　A. prepare B. strengthen C. protect D. extend

　　60. The discovery of dinosaur fossils with furculae was important because it___.

　　A. indicated that several bird species had already evolved during the time of dinosaurs

　　B. proved that many reptilian animals, including dinosaurs, had furculae

　　C. cast doubt on the theory that reptiles were the closest living relatives of dinosaurs

　　D. helped scientists determine the purpose of furculae in non-bird species

　　61. What can be inferred about dinosaurs in the Dromaeosauridae family?

　　A. They were closely related to Archaeopteryx.

　　B. They were able to fly.

　　C. They were the only dinosaurs that had furculae.

　　D. They were small compared to other dinosaurs.

　　62. The word those in paragraph 3 refers to____ .

　　A. Velociraptor fossils

　　B. front limbs

　　C. likenesses

　　D. early reptiles

　　63. The word compelling in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ____.

　　A. persuasive B. conflicting C. recent D. sufficient.

　　64. According to paragraph 4, what is true about protofeathers?

　　A. They were likely the type of feathers that Archaeopteryx had.

　　B. Only bird-like dinosaurs had them.

　　C. They probably helped dinosaurs stay warm.

　　D. Some modern birds have been found to have them.

　　65. According to paragraph 5, what do primates and lizards have in common?

　　A. They have a more elaborate lung structure than dinosaurs did.

　　B. They are able to keep their lungs full of air constantly.

　　C. Their lungs have a similar structure.

　　D. They have other organs in addition to lungs to help them breathe.

　　Part B: Linguistics

　　V. General linguistics knowledge.

　　Directions: In this part, you are given 20 incomplete statements. Please mark the choice that best completes each statement. (20X1’ = 20 points)

　　66. Which of the following is NOT a recognized function of language in linguistics?

　　A. Informative function B. Interpersonal function

　　C. Performative function D. Assertive function

　　67. Which of the following is NOT a main branch of general linguistics?

　　A. Phonetics B. Macrolinguistics C. Phonology D. Syntax

　　68. Which of the following is NOT a main branch of macro-linguistics?

　　A. Semantics B. Anthropological linguistics

　　C. Psycholinguistics D. Sociolinguistics

　　69. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be ____.

　　A. voiced B. voiceless C. nasal D. glottal

　　70. _____ are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

　　A．Consonants B. Semi-vowels C. Vowels D. Semi-consonants

　　71. Of manners of articulation, ____ is complete closure of the articulators involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth.

　　A. plosive B. frictive C. approximant D. lateral

　　72. Of places of articulation, ____ is made by the tongue tip or blade and the upper front teeth.

　　A. bilabial B. palatal C. dental D. velar

　　73. _____ in the word “international” is called ROOT.

　　A. inter- B. -al C. nation D. in-

　　74. Which of the following pair of words best illustrate BACK-FORMATION?

　　A. Editor and edit B. Worked and work

　　C. Aeroplane and plane D. Advertisement and ad.

　　75. Which of the following is NOT a major strand of psycholinguistic research?

　　A. COMPREHENSION B. PRODUCTION

　　C. PRACTICE D. ACQUISITION

　　76. Which of the following is NOT a level of representation involved inspeaking a sentence according to Garrett?

　　A. The message-level representation

　　B. The functional-level representation

　　C. The informative-level representation

　　D. The articulatory-level representation

　　77. Among the following, the ____ isn’t the organ located in the oral cavity.

　　A. soft palate B. teeth ridge C. uvula D. glottis

　　78. The word “selfish” contains two ____.

　　A. phonemes B. morphs C. morphemes D. allomorphs

　　79. “Tube” and “subway” are a pair of _____.

　　A. dialectal synonyms B. stylistic synonyms

　　C. collocational synonyms D. semantically different synonyms

　　80. Below are the individual differences that affect the second language acquisition, EXCEPT _____.

　　A. language aptitude B. motivation

　　C. learning strategy D. native language influence

　　81. Which one of the following methods is not proposed to be used to study language process?

　　A. Lexical decision B. The priming experiment

　　C. Eye movement experiment D. Autopsy

　　82. Of the following sound combinations, only ____ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.

　　A. mibl B. bmill C. ilmb D. ilbm

　　83. A(n) ____ test assesses how much a learner has mastered the contents of particular course.

　　A. achievement B. aptitude C. diagnostic D. proficiency

　　84. ____ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening position.

　　A. Diphthongs B. Consonants C. Vowels D. Individual vowels

　　85. ____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristics of a particular social class.

　　A. Idiolect B. Sociolect C. Ethnic dialect D. Standard dialect

　　VI. Explain the following terms. (5X5’=25points)

　　86. Minimal pairs (in phonology)

　　87. Interlanguage

　　88. Arbitrariness at the syntactic level

　　89. Illocutionary force

　　90. Textual function of language

　　VII. Answer the following questions, supporting your arguments with examples if necessary. (3X10’=30points)

　　91. Do you think there is any true synonym in English? Why?

　　92. What is a dialect and what is a register?

　　93. How are the sound and meaning of most words related?

　　参考答案：

　　I. Vocabulary. (25X1’=25 points)

　　1-5 BDADB 6-10 CADAD 11-15 DCCDB

　　16-20 CADAA 21-25 DDDBB

　　II. Structure. (15x1’=15 points)

　　26-30 BDCAB 31-35 DBCAA 36-40 BCCCB

　　III. Paraphrase the following sentences. (5X3’=15 points)

　　41. So let us begin once again to realize that politeness doesn’t mean weakness.

　　42. Our certain reward is our good conscience and history will judge our deeds, therefore, let us try to be pioneers in building our beloved country.

　　43. My brain, which is precision instrument, began to work at high speed.

　　44. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure.

　　45. Every society is influenced and directed by hidden laws, and by many things deeply felt and taken for granted by the people, though not openly spoken about.

　　IV. Reading Comprehension (20 X1’= 20 points)

　　46-50 FDJCI 51-55 MBHEG

　　56-60 ADABC 61-65 BBACC

　　V. General linguistics knowledge. (20X1’ = 20 points)

　　66-70 DBABA 71-75 ACCAC

　　76-80 CDCAD 81-85 DAAAB

　　VI. Explain the following terms. (5X5’=25 points)

　　86. Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word, where other sounds do not. Minimal pairs test can be used to find out which sound substitutions cause differences of meanings. When two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string, the two forms are said to form a minimal pair, e.g. bill and pill are identical in form except for the initial consonants.

　　87. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language often referred to as interlanguage. Interlanguage is often understood as language system between the target and the learner’s native language.

　　88. By syntax we refer to the ways that sentences are constructed according to the grammar of arrangement. As we all know, the order of elements in a sentence follows certain rules, and there is a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the real happenings. In other words, syntax is less arbitrary than words.

　　89. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used to “do things”, to perform acts. Austin suggests three basic senses in which in saying something one is doing something and three kinds of acts are performed simultaneously: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act Illocutionary act or illocutionary force refers to the effect the utterance or written text has on the reader or listener. It is about the extra meaning of the utterance or written text produced on the basis of its literal meaning. Eg. “I am thirty”: The literal meaning is what the utterance says about the speakers physical state. The illocutionary force is the effect the speaker wants the utterance to have on the listener. It may be intended as a request for something to drink.

　　90. It is a key concept which was raised by Halliday. It refers to the existence the mechanism in the language, which can verbal or any written discourse organization into a coherent and unified chapters and make a living language fragment different from a random permutation. eg: 1) John likes football. John likes basketball. John likes football and basketball; 2) Henry kissed Mary in the park. In the park, Henry kissed Mary.

　　VII. Answer the following questions, supporting your arguments with necessary examples. (3X10’=30 points)

　　91. Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. English is said to be rich in synonyms. For example, buy and purchase, world and universe, brotherly and fraternal. But total synonymy is rare. The so called synonyms are all context-dependent. They all differ one way to another. For example, they may differ in style. In the context, “little Tom ___a toy bear”, buy is more appropriate

　　than purchase. They may also differ in connotations. That is why people jokingly say “I’m thirsty. You are economical and he is stingy”. Thirdly, there are also dialectal differences. Autumn is British while fall is American. The British live in flats and take the underground or tube to work while the American live in apartment and take the subway.

　　92. Dialect refers to the phenomenon that the form of a language that is spoken in one area with grammar, words and pronunciation that may be different from other forms of the same language. E.g the regional dialect, sociolect and idiolect, etc. Register is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use. An example of a linguistic register is legal discourse we recognize a legal document when we see one, but lawyers are generally the only people who are trained to produce them using appropriate linguistic choices.

　　93. Sound and meaning are related arbitrarily, which means there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons has used it for a pig. Language is therefore arbitrary. On the other hand, for the same object, different sounds can be used to express the same meaning For instances, “book /buk/”in English is “书” in Chinese，but “本” in Japanese. It can be concluded that, in most cases, meanings and their corresponding sounds are arbitrary. Duality is a distinctive feature of language that refers to the fact that languages are organized in terms of two levels. At one level, language consists of sequences of segments or units which do not themselves carry meaning (such as the letters"g", "d"). However, when these units are combined in certain sequences, they form larger units and carry meaning (such as dog).