南京航空航天大学2018年246英语初试考研真题

　　tongues, or come from different cultural backgrounds, because cultural difference necessarily implies different

　　assumptions about natural and obvious ways to be polite.

　　Anthropologist Thomas Kochman gives the example of a white office worker who appeared with a

　　bandaged arm and felt rejected because her black fellow worker didn‟t mention it. The doubly wounded worker

　　assumed that her silent colleague didn‟t notice or didn‟t care. But the co-worker was purposely not calling

　　attention to something her colleague might not want to talk about. She let her decide whether or not to mention

　　it, being considerate by not imposing. Kochman says, based on his research, that these differences reflect

　　recognizable black and white styles.

　　An American woman visiting England was repeatedly offended — even, on bad days, enraged — when

　　the British ignored her in setting in which she thought they should pay attention. For example, she was sitting at

　　a booth in a railway-station cafeteria. A couple began to settle into the opposite seat in the same booth. They

　　unloaded their luggage; they laid their coats on the seat; he asked what she would like to eat and went off to get

　　it; she slid into the booth facing the American. And throughout all this, they showed no sign of having noticed

　　that someone was already sitting in the booth.

　　When the British woman lit up a cigarette, the American had a concrete object for her anger. She began

　　ostentatiously looking around for another table to move to. Of course there was none; that‟s why the British

　　couple had sat in her booth in the first place. The smoker immediately crushed out her cigarette and apologized.

　　This showed that she had noticed that someone else was sitting in the booth, and that she was not inclined to

　　disturb her. But then she went back to pretending the American wasn‟t there, a ruse in which her husband

　　collaborated when he returned with their food and they ate it.

　　To the American, politeness requires talk between strangers forced to share a booth in a cafeteria, if only a

　　fleeting “Do you mind if I sit down?” or a conventional, “Is anyone sitting here?” even if it‟s obvious no one is.

　　The omission of such talk seemed to her like dreadful rudeness. The American couldn‟t see that another system

　　of politeness was at work. By not acknowledging her presence, the British couple freed her from the obligation

　　to acknowledge theirs. The American expected a show of involvement; they were being polite by not imposing.

　　An American man who had lived for years in Japan explained a similar politeness ethic. He lived, as many

　　Japanese do, in extremely close quarters — a tiny room separated from neighboring rooms by paper-thin walls.

　　In this case the walls were literally made of paper. In order to preserve privacy in this most un-private situation,

　　his Japanese neighbor with the door open, they steadfastly glued their gaze ahead as if they were alone in a

　　desert. The American confessed to feeling what I believe most American would feel if a next-door neighbor

　　passed within a few feet without acknowledging their presence — snubbed. But he realized that the intention

　　was not rudeness by omitting to show involvement, but politeness by not imposing.

　　The fate of the earth depends on cross-cultural communication. Nations must reach agreements, and

　　agreements are made by individual representatives of nations sitting down and talking to each other — public

　　analogues of private conversation. The processes are the same, and so are the pitfalls. Only the possible

　　consequences are more extreme.

　　31. In Thomas Kochman‟s example, when the white office worker appeared with a bandaged arm, why did her

　　colleague keep silent?

　　A. Because she didn‟t care about her white colleague at all.

　　B. Because she was considerate by imposing on her.

　　C. Because she didn‟t want to embarrass her white colleague.

　　D. Because she was aware of their different cultural backgrounds.

　　32. What is the best definition for the word “imposing” in paragraph 2?

　　A. Unreasonably expecting someone to do something.

　　B. Using your authority to make sure a rule is kept.

　　C. Acting in a grand, impressive way.

　　D. Causing troubles to oneself.

　　33. Which of the following can be concluded from the passage?

　　A. The British would like to avoid talking to strangers in public.

　　B. The American would like to be imposed in different settings.

　　C. The British expect a small talk between strangers who are forced to share a booth in a cafeteria.

　　D. The American enjoy being ignored in unfamiliar settings.

　　34. What seems to be „Japanese‟ behavior in order to preserve privacy in close quarters?

　　A. They would separate their rooms by paper-thin walls.

　　B. They act as if they have never known someone living next to them.

　　C. They are very friendly and considerate to their neighbors.

　　D. They pull their face long and glue steadfastly their gaze ahead.

　　35. Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage?

　　A. An American Woman‟s Overseas Experience

　　B. The Cultural Wave

　　C. Mixed Meta-message across Cultures

　　D. Pitfalls and Possible Consequences

　　III. English -Chinese Translation (15 points)

　　Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese.

　　At its worst, it means shorter attention spans, shallower memories, fragmented, unsustained argument, the

　　undermining of intellectual property rights and a tendency to mistake anecdote for fact. At its best, the Internet

　　represents an intellectual revolution, fostering free collaboration as never before, with dramatically improved

　　access to boundless information, the great store of the world‟s knowledge just a few keystrokes and clicks

　　away.

　　VI. Chinese-English Translation (15 points)

　　Directions: Translate the following passage into English.

　　我们已快要临到这人世悲惨之境地，在这世界上，稍有人格的民族，都无法忍受的。我们不能不应

　　战，至于战争既开之后，则因为我们是弱国，再没有妥协机会，如果放弃尺寸土地与主权，便是中华民

　　族的千古罪人。如果战端一开，那就是地无分南北，人无分老幼，无论何人，皆有守土抗战之责任，皆

　　应抱定牺牲一切之决心。

　　V. Writing (20 points)

　　Direction: In this part, you are to write a composition of no fewer than 150 words about

　　“Should shared bike be banned from campus”. Your composition should be based on the

　　following outline.

　　1. 共享单车越来越流行

　　2. 一些学校允许共享单车进入校园，但也有不少学校禁止

　　3. 我的看法与建议

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