2018湖南农业大学考研真题：612 基础英语

　　2018年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题

　　科目名称及代码：612 基础英语

　　适用专业(领域)：外国语言学及应用语言学

　　考生需带的工具：

　　考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效;

　　②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

　　I. Paraphrase(20 points, 2 points each)

　　Write your answer on the answer sheet

　　1.We can batten down and ride it out.

　　2. The electrical systems had been killed by water.

　　3. Serious-looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them.

　　4. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.

　　5. Even the self-assurance of Ogilvie flickered for an instant.

　　6. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot.

　　7. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.

　　8. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love….

　　9. A nice enough young fellow, you know, but nothing upstairs.

　　10. Children dodged in and out, their high calls rising like the swallows' crossing flights over the music and the singing

　　II. Vocabulary and Grammar(20 points, 1 point each)

　　Decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

　　1.which of the following italicized phrases indicates CAUSE?

　　A. why don’t you do it for the sake of your friends?

　　B. I wish I could write as well as you.

　　C. for all his efforts, he didn’t get an A.

　　D. her eyes were red from excessive reading.

　　2.Nancy’s gone to work but her car’s still there. She by bus.

　　A. must have gone B. should have gone

　　C. ought to have gone D. could have gone

　　3.He feels that he is not yet to travel abroad.

　　A. too strong B. enough strong C. so strong D. strong enough

　　4. After seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to enter the personnel manager’s office.

　　A. that B. it C. what D. there

　　5. Fool Jerry is, he could not have done such a thing.

　　A. who B. as C. like D. that

　　6 Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone__ an opportunity to hear the speech.

　　A ought to have B must have C may have D should have

　　7. I am surprised__ this city is a dull place to live in.

　　A that you should think B by what you are thinking

　　C that you would think D with what you were thinking

　　8. Susan is very hardworking, but her pay is not__ for her work.

　　A enough good B good enough C as good enough D good as enough

　　9. It is imperative that the government __ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.

　　A attracts B shall attract C attract D has to

　　10. Land belongs to the city; there is __ thing as private ownership of land.

　　A no such a B not such C not such a D no such

　　11. The team has been working overtime on the research project .

　　A. lately B. just now C. late D. long ago

　　12. Because of the economic crisis, industrial output in the region remained .

　　A. motionless B. inactive C. stagnant D. immobile

　　13. The police had difficulty in the fans from rushing on to the stage to take photos with the singer.

　　A. limiting B. restraining C. confining D. restricting

　　14. Joan is in the dorm, putting the final to her speech.

　　A. details B. remarks C. comments D. touches

　　15. His in gambling has eventually brought about his ruin.

　　A. indulgence B. habit C. action D. engagement

　　16. They’ve lifted a two-year-long economic on the country.

　　A. enclosure B. restriction C. blockade D. prohibition

　　17. Everyone is surprised that she has fallen out with her boy friend. The underlined part means .

　　A. left B. quarreled C. attacked D. defeated

　　18. His plan is carefully prepared and full of details, so it is a very one.

　　A. elaborate B. refined C. ambitious D. complex

　　19. The girl’s voice was so low that we could hear her.

　　A. seldom B. almost C. only D. barely

　　20. She must have been pretty to fall for such an old trick.

　　A. interested B. gullible C. enthusiastic D. shrewd

　　III. Cloze (30 points, 1.5 points each)

　　Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage in the corresponding blanks. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

　　In every cultivate language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, comprise the whole vocabulary. First, there are those words 1 which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which we 2 , that is to say, from the 3 of our own family and from our familiar associates, and 4 we should know and use 5 we could not read or write. They 6 the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who 7 the language. Such words may be called “popular”, since they belong to the people 8 and are not the exclusive 9 of a limited class.

　　One the other hand, our language 10 a multitude of words which are comparatively 11 used in ordinary conversation. Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little 12 to use them at home or in the market-place. Our 13 acquaintance with them comes not from our mother’s 14 or from the talk of our school-mates, 15 from books that we read, lectures that we 16 , or the more formal conversation of 17 educated speakers who are discussing some particular 18 in a style appropriately elevated above the habitual 19 of everyday life. Such words are called “learned ”, and the 20 between them and “popular ” words is of great importance to a right understanding of linguistic process.

　　1. A) at B) with C) by D) simulate

　　2. A) study B) imitate C) simulate D) learn

　　3. A) members B) relatives C) mates D) fellows

　　4. A) which B) that C) those D) ones

　　5. A) in spite of B) despite C) even if D) even

　　6. A) make B) concern C) use D) exclude

　　7. A)say B) apply C) practice D) speak

　　8. A) in public B) at most C) at large D) at best

　　9. A) right B) privilege C) share D) possession

　　10. A) includes B) comprises C) excludes D) evolves

　　11. A) seldom B) much C) frequently D) irregularly

　　12. A) prospect B) way C) necessity D) occasion

　　13. A) chance B) first C) own D) direct

　　14. A) tongue B) mouth C) lips D) words

　　15. A) besides B) and C) or D) but

　　16. A) listen B) attend to C) hear D) hear of

　　17. A) greatly B) deeply C) highly D) high

　　18. A) theme B) topic C) problem D) question

　　19. A) level B) degree C) extent D) scope

　　20. A) comparison B) distinction C) contrast D) similarity

　　IV. Reading(40 points, 2 points each)

　　Read the following passages and answer the multiple-choice questions; decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

　　Passage 1

　　It was 1961 and I was in the fifth grade. My marks in school were miserable and, the thing was, I didn’t know enough to really care. My older brother and I lived with Mom in a dingy multi-family house in Detroit. We watched TV every night, the background noise of our lives was gunfire and horses’ hoofs from “Wagon Train” or “Cheyenne”, and laughter from “I love Lucy” or “Mister Ed”. After supper, we’d sprawl on Mom’s bed and stare for hours at the tube.

　　But one day mom changed our world forever. She turned off the TV. Our mother had only been able to get through third grade. But she was much brighter and smarter than we boys knew at the time. She had noticed something in the suburban houses she cleaned---books. So she came home one day, snapped off the TV, sat us down and explained that her sons were going to make something of themselves. “you boys are going to read two books every week,” she said, “and you’re going to write me a report on what you read.”

　　We moaned and complained about how unfair it was. Besides, we didn’t have any books in the house other than Mom’s Bible. But she explained that we would go where the books were. “I’ll drive you to the library.”

　　So pretty soon there were these two peevish boys sitting in her white 1959 Oldsmobile on their way to Detroit Public Library. I wandered reluctantly among the children books. I loved animals, so when I saw some books that seemed to be about animals, I started leafing through them.

　　It didn’t dawn on me at the time, but the experience was quite different from watching TV. There were images forming in my mind instead of before my eyes. And I could return to them again and again with the flip of a page.

　　Soon I began to look forward to visiting this hushed sanctuary from my other world. I moved from animals to plants, and then to rocks. Between the covers of all those books were whole worlds, and I was free to go anywhere in them. Along the way a funny thing happened: I started to know things. Teachers started to notice it too. I got to the point where I couldn’t wait to get home to my books.

　　Now my older brother is an engineer and I am chief of pediatrics neurosurgery at John Hopkins Children’s Center in Baltimore. Sometimes I still can’t believe my life’s journey, from a falling and indifferent student in a Detroit public school to this position, which takes me all over the world to teach and perform critical surgery.

　　But I know when the journey began--- the day Mom snapped off the TV set and put us in her Oldsmobile for that drive to the library.

　　1. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that .

　　A. the author and his brother had done poorly in school

　　B. the author had been very concerned about his school work

　　C. the author had spent much time watching TV after school

　　D. the author had realized how important schooling was

　　2. The mother was to make her two sons switch to reading books.

　　A. hesitant B. unprepared C. reluctant D. determined

　　3. How did the two boys feel about going to the library at first?

　　A. they were afraid B. They were reluctant

　　C. They were indifferent D. They were eager to go

　　4. the author began to love books for the following reasons EXCEPT that .

　　A. he began to see something in his mind

　　B. he could visualize what he read in his mind

　　C. he could go back to read the books again

　　D. he realized that books offered him new experience.

　　Passage 2

　　Predicting the future is always risky. But it’s probably safe to say that at least a few historians will one day speak of the 20th century as America’s “Disney era”. Today, it’s certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents modern America as powerful as the company that created Mickey Mouse. Globally, brands like Coca-Cola and Mcdonald’s may be more widely known, but neither concludes 20th-century America in quite in the same way as Disney.

　　The reason for Disney’s success are quite a lot, but ultimately the credit belongs to one person---the man who created the cartoon and built the company from nothing, Walt Disney. Ironically, he could not draw particularly well. But he was a genius in other aspects. In business, his greatest skills were his insight and his management ability. After setting himself up in Hollywood, he singly-handedly pioneered the concepts of branding and merchanding --- something his company still does brilliantly today.

　　But what really distinguished Disney was his ability to identify with his audiences. Disney always made sure that his films portrayed the “little boy”. He achieved this by creating characters that reflected the hopes and fears of ordinary people.

　　Disney’s other great virtue was the fact that his company---unlike other big companies---had a human face. His Hollywood studio---the public heard---operated just like a democracy, where everyone was on first-name terms and had a say in how things should be run. He was also regarded as a great patriot because not only did his cartoons praise America, but, during World War II , his studios made training films for American soldiers.

　　The reality, of course, was not so perfect. As the public would later learn, Disney’s patriotism had an unpleasant side. After a strike by cartoonists in 1941, he agreed to work for the FBI secretly, identifying and spying on colleagues who he suspected were anti-government.

　　Nut, apart from his affiliations with the FBI, Disney was more or less the genuine article. A new book, The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life, confirms that he was very definitely on the side of ordinary people. In the 30s and 40s he voted for Franklin Roosevelt, believing he was a leader of the workers. Also, Disney was not an apologist for the FBI, as some have suggested. In fact, he was suspicious of large, bureaucratic organizations, as is evidenced in films like That Damned Cat.

　　By the time he died in 1966, Walt Disney was as famous as Thomas Edison and the Wright Brothers. To business people and filmmakers, he was a role model; to the public, he was “Uncle Walt|---the man who had entertained them all their lives, the man who represented all that was good about America.

　　5. Walt Disney is believed to possess the following abilities EXCEPT .

　　A. painting B. creativity C. management D. merchandising

　　6. According to the passage, what was the pleasant side of Disney’s patriotism?

　　A. he sided with ordinary Americans in his films.

　　B. he supported America’s war efforts in his own way.

　　C. he had doubts about large, bureaucratic organizations.

　　D. he voted for Franklin Roosevelt in the 30s and 40s.

　　7. In the 6th paragraph the sentence “Disney was more or less the genuine article” means that .

　　A. Disney was a creative and capable person.

　　B. Disney once agreed to work for the FBI.

　　C. Disney ran his company in a democratic way.

　　D. Disney was sympathetic with ordinary people.

　　8. The writer’s attitude toward Walt Disney can best be described as .

　　A. sympathetic B. objective C. critical D. skeptical

　　Passage 3

　　In order to " change lives for the better" and reduce " dependency," George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the " upfront work search" scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?

　　More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker's allowance. "Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on. " he claimed. " We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster. " Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for "fundamental fairness"—protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.

　　Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

　　But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase "jobseeker's allowance" is about redefining the unemployed as a "jobseeker" who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited " allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡ 71. 70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

　　9. George Osborne's scheme was intended to______.

　　A.provide the unemployed with easier access to benefit

　　B.encourage jobseekers' active engagement in job seeking

　　C.motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily

　　D.guarantee jobseekers' legitimate right to benefits

　　10. The phrase "to sign on"(Line 2, Para. 2)most probably means______.

　　A.to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre

　　B.to accept the government's restrictions on the allowance

　　C.to register for an allowance from the government

　　D.to attend a governmental job-training program

　　11. What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?

　　A.A desire to secure a better life for all

　　B.An eagerness to protect the unemployed.

　　C.An urge to be generous to the claimants.

　　D.A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.

　　12. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

　　A.The British welfare system indulges jobseekers' laziness.

　　B.Osborne's reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.

　　C.The jobseekers' allowance has met their actual needs.

　　D.Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.

　　Passage 4

　　These days lots of young Japanese do omiai, literally, “meet and look”. Many of them do so willingly. In today’s prosperous and increasingly conservative Japan, the traditional omiai kekkon, or arranged marriage, is thriving.

　　But there is a difference. In the original omiai, the young Japanese could not reject the partner chosen by his parents and their middle man. After World War II, many Japanese abandoned the arranged marriage as part of their rush to adopt the more democratic ways of their American conquerors. The Western ren’ai kekkon or love marriage, became popular; Japanese began picking their own mates by dating and falling in love.

　　But the Western way was often found wanting in an important respect: it didn’t necessarily produce a partner of the right economic, social, and educational qualifications. “today’s young people are quite calculating,” says Chieko Akiyama, a social commentator.

　　What seems to be happening now is a repetition of a familiar process in the country’s history, the Japanization of an adopted foreign practice. The Western ideal of marrying for love is accommodated in a new omiai in which both parties are free to reject the match. “Omiai is evolved into a sort of stylized introduction,” Mr. Akiyama says.

　　Many Japanese date now in their early twenties, but with no thought of marriage. When they reach the age---in the middle twenties for women, the late twenties for men---they increasingly turn to omiai. Some studies suggest that as many as 40% of marriages each year are omiai kekkon. It’s hard to be sure, say those who study the matter, because many Japanese couples, when polled, describe their marriage as a love match even if it was arranged.

　　These days, doing omiai often means going to a computer matching service rather than to a nakodo. The nakodo of tradition was an old woman who knew all the kids in the neighbourhood and went around trying to pair them off by speaking to their parents; a successful match would bring her a wedding invitation and a gift of money. But Japanese today find it’s less awkward to reject a proposed partner if the nakodo is a computer.

　　Japan has about five hundred computer matching service. Some big companies, including Mitsubishi, run one for their employees. At a typical commercial service, an applicant pays $80 to $125 to have his or her personal data stored in the computer for two years and $200 or so more if a marriage results. The stored information includes some obvious items, like education and hobbies, and some not-so-obvious ones, like whether a person is the oldest child.(first sons, and to some extent, first daughters, face an obligation of caring for elderly parents.)

　　13. According to the passage, today’s young Japanese prefer .

　　A. a traditional arranged marriage B. a new type of arranged marriage

　　C. a Western love marriage D. a more Western love marriage

　　14. According to the passage, the figure40%(Paragraph Five) is uncertain because .

　　A. there has been a big increase in the number of arranged marriage

　　B. Western love marriage still remains popular among young Japanese

　　C. young Japanese start dating very early in their life in a western tradition

　　D. the tendency for arrange marriages could be stronger than is indicated

　　15. One of the big differences between a traditional nakodo and its contemporary version lies in the way .

　　A. wedding gifts are arranged B. a proposed partner is refused

　　C. formalities are arranged D. the middleman or woman is chosen

　　16. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?

　　A. To tell the difference between an old and modern nakodo

　　B. To provide some examples for the traditional nakodo

　　C. To offer more details of the computerized nakodo

　　D. To sum up the main ideas and provide a conclusion

　　Passage 5

　　Cordial Harrington was tired of standing up all day and smelling like French fries at night. She owned and operated three McDonald’s shops in Illinois, but as a divorced mother of three boys, she yearned for a business that would provide for her children and ler her spend more time with them.,

　　Her lucky moment came, strangely enough, after she was nominated in 1992 to be on the McDonald’s bun committee. “ the company picked me up in a corporate jet to see bakeries around the world,” she recalls, “every time I went to a meeting, I loved it. This is global.”

　　The experience opened her eyes to business possibilities. When McDonald’s dicided it wanted a new bun supplier, Harrington became determined to win the contract, even though she had no experience running a bakery.

　　Harrington studied the bakery business and made sure she was never off executives’ radar. “if you have a dream, you can’t wait for people to call you,” she says, “so I’d visit a mill and send them photos of myself in a baker’s hat and jacket, holding a sign that says ‘I want to be your baker.’ After four years and 32 interviews, her persistence paid off.

　　Harrington sealed the deal with a handshake, sold her shops, and borrowed $13.5 million. She was ready to build the fastest, most automated bakery in the world.

　　The Tennessee Bun Company opened ahead of schedule in 1997, in time for a slump in US fast food sales for McDonald’s. before Harrington knew it, she was down to her $20.000, not enough to cover payroll. And her agreement with McDonald’s required that she sell exclusively to the company. “I cried myself to sleep many nights,” she recalls.”I really did think, I am going to go bankrupt.”

　　But Harrington worked out an agreement to supply Pepperidge Farm as well. “McDonald’d could see a benefit if our production went up and prices went down, and no benefit if we went out of business,” she says, ”that deal saved me.”

　　Over the next eight years, Harrington branched out even more: she started her own trucking business, added a cold-storage company, and now has three bakeries producing fresh buns and frozen dough---all now known as the bun Companies. Speed is still a priority. It takes 11 people at the main bakery to turn out 60.000 buns an hour for clients across 40 states, South America and the Caribbean.

　　Grateful for the breaks she’d had, Harrington is passionate about providing opportunities to all 230 employees. “financial success is the most fun when you can give it away,” she says.

　　The current economy is challenging. Some of her clients’ sales have declined, but she’s found new clients and improved efficiencies to help sustain the company’s double-digit growth.

　　Harrington doesn’t have to stand on her feet all day anymore. Two of her three sons now work for her. And she’s remarried---her husband Tom, now is her CFO.

　　“ This is more than a job,” says Harrington. “it’s a mission. I’m always thinking, How can we best serve our employees? if we support them, they’ll do their best to look after our clients. That’s how it works here.”

　　17. According to the passage, which of the following was most significant in her early career?

　　A. Her nomination on the McDonald’s bun committee.

　　B. Her travel and the visits to bakeries around the world

　　C. A business contract with the local bun suppliers.

　　D. The interviews and experience in running a bakery

　　18. “Harrington … made sure she was never off executives’ radar” (Paragraph Four) means that she .

　　A. herself wanted to be a company executive

　　B. meant to hire executives to run the business

　　C. meant to keep her management knowledge and skills

　　D. focused on the management of the bakery business

　　19. How did she survive the crisis at the start of her bakery business?

　　A. By supplying buns for another company

　　B. By opening her bun company ahead of schedule

　　C. By keeping supplies up for McDonald’s

　　D. By making a new agreement with McDonald’s

　　20. According to the passage, which of the following is fundamental to Harrington’s success?

　　A. Efficiency and love for the family B. Perseverance and concern for employees

　　C. Business expansion and family support D. Opportunities and speed

　　V. Writing (40 points)

　　Write on the answer sheet a composition of about 300 words on the following topic

　　At the 19th Conference of the Communist Party of China, General Sectary Xi Jinping stressed the importance of environmental protection. Why is the protection of environment important? What is the relationship between the economic development and the environmental protection? Please write an essay on the following topic.

　　ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

　　You are to write in four paragraphs.

　　In the first paragraph, introduce the topic and state your view about this topic.

　　In the second and third paragraphs,. state the reasons to support your view.

　　In the last paragraph, bring a natural conclusion.

　　真题附件下载：

612 基础英语（词汇、语法、阅读、写作）.doc