Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each

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　　Section II Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　U. S. customers historically tipped the people they assumed were earning most of their income via tips, such as restaurant serves earning less than the minimum wage. In the early 2010s, a wide range of business standard processing purchases with iPads and other digital payment systems. These system often prompted customers to tip for services that were not previously tipped.

　　Today’stip requests are often connected to the salary and service norms that used to determine when and how people tip. Customers in the past merely always pay the tips after receiving a service, such as at the conclusion of a restaurant meal after getting a haircut or once a pizza was delivered. That timing could reward high— quality service and give worthless an incentive to provide it.

　　It's becoming more common for tips to be requested beforehand. And new tipping technology may even automatically add tips.

　　The prevalence of digital payment devices has made it easier to ask customers for a tip. That helps explain why tip requests are creeping into new kinds of services. Customers now routinely see menus of suggested default options -- often well above 20% of what they owe. The amounts have risen from 10% or less in the 1950s to 15% around the year 2000 to 20% or higher today. This increase is sometimes called tipflation -- the expectation of ever-higher tip amounts.

　　Tipping has always been a vital source of income for workers in historically tipped services, like restaurants, where the tipped minimum wage can be aslow asUS $ 2.13 an hour. Tip creep and tipflation are now further supplementing the income of many low-wage service workers.

　　Notably ，tipping primally benefits some of these workers such as cooks and dishwashers, so ensure that all employees were paid fair wages. Some restaurants banned tipping and increased prices, but this movement towards not-tipping services has largely fizzled out.

　　So to increase employee wages without raising prices, more employers are succumbing to temptations of tip creep and tip flation. However, many customers are frustrated because they feel they are being asked for too high of a tip too often. And, as our research emphasizes tipping now seems to be more coercive, less generous, and often completely disassociated from service quality.

　　21. According to Paragraph 1, the practice of tipping in the U.S . [A] was regarded as a sign of generosity

　　[B] was considered essential for waiters

　　[C] was away of rewarding diligence

　　[D] was optional in most businesses

　　22. Compared with tips in the past, today’stips . [A] are paid much less frequently

　　[B] are less often requested in advance

　　[C] have less to do with service quality

　　[D] contribute less to workers’ income

　　23. Tip requests are creeping into new kinds of services as a result of .

　　[A] the advancement of technology

　　[B] the desire for income increase [C] the diversification of business [D] the emergence of tipflation

　　24. The movement toward no-tipping services was intended to .

　　[A] promote consumption

　　[B] enrich income sources

　　[C] maintain reasonable prices

　　[D] guarantee income fairness

　　25. It can be learned from the last paragraph that tipping .

　　[A] is becoming a burden for customers

　　[B] helps encourage quality service [C] is vital to business development [D] reflects the need to reduce prices

　　答案 DCADA

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