2015年考研英语语法基础：名词性从句

　　B宾语从句

　　宾语从句

　　在谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、分词、动名词之后都可以带有宾语从句。某些形容词如sure, happy, glad, certain, pleased 等之后也可以带有宾语从句。

　　1.that 引导的宾语从句: that 没有意义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略：如：

　　I really feel she’s making a mistake. 我的确感到她正犯错误。

　　James said (that) he was feeling better. 詹姆斯说他感到好些了。

　　Hearing that his son was badly wounded, he hurried to the hospital to see him. 听说儿子受了重伤，他急忙赶到医院去看望他。

　　I suggested that we should go home. 我建议我们回家去。虚拟语气，that 一般不能省略。

　　2.whether/if (是否)引导的宾语从句：如果要突出“究竟是…还是不…”，常在whether 后面加or not; if 一般不与or not连用。如：

　　He asked me if/whether I knew John. 他问我是否认识约翰。

　　Let me know whether you can come or not. 你能来还是不能来，告诉我一声。

　　3.在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词的宾语从句中，否定不用在从句中，而是将think 等词变为否定形式。

　　For example:

　　I don’t think the film is interesting. 我觉得这部电影没什么意思。

　　I don’t suppose we are going outing tomorrow. 我认为我们明天不会出去郊游。

　　4.如果从句作宾语而后面还有补语，为了保持句子的平衡，用it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句放在句尾。常跟这样的复合宾语的动词有：make, find, see, hear, feel, think, consider, regard, take….for granted等。如：

　　George made it clear that he opposed this project. 乔治已明确表示他反对这个项目。it 代表that 引导的句子，作宾语，clear 是宾语补足语。

　　They kept it quiet that he was dead. 对他已经死亡的消息，他们秘而不宣。

　　I took it for granted that you’d stay with us. 我想当然认为你会和我们呆在一起。

　　C 同位语从句

　　同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体、详细的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief等。同位语从句常用的引导词为that,有是也用when, where 等疑问词。如：

　　The news that the United States was hit by terrorist attacks took the whole world by surprise. 美国受到恐怖主义分子袭击的消息令全世界吃惊。

　　The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong. 你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。

　　People used to hold the belief that the earth was the center of the universe. 人们曾认为地球是宇宙的中心。

　　The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of money. 困难在于我们缺乏资金这个事实。

　　They have no idea at all where he has gone. 他们一点儿也不知道他去哪儿了。

　　注意：同位语从句的that 只是引导词，没有其他语法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，不能省略;而定语从句中的that 除了引导定语从句外，还是定语从句的一个成分，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。如：

　　The idea that some peoples are superior to others is sheer nonsense. 有些民族优越于其他民族这种想法简直荒谬。(请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。)(同位语从句)

　　The idea that he proposed at the meeting is sheer nonsense. 他在会议上提出的这个想法简直荒谬。(请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。)(定语从句)

　　No one is happy with the fact that he found out. 没有人对他发现的事实感到高兴。(请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。)(定语从句)

　　No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss. 没有人对他将成为他们的老板这一事实感到高兴。(请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。)(同位语从句)

　　D表语从句

　　表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。如：

　　That’s not what I want. 那不是我要的。

　　That’s why I have come. 那就是我为什么来了。

　　My opinion is that things will improve. 我的意见是事情会好起来的。

　　One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out. 太阳能的一个优点是永远也不会枯竭。

　　The truth is that he didn’t really try. 实际情况是他没有真正努力。

　　The problem is who is to pay and when we can start. 问题是谁来付帐、我们又何时开始。

　　The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事实是他注意到车时已经太晚了。

　　What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. 使我感到吃惊的是他英语讲得那么好。

　　All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能说的就是我与此事没有关系。

　　What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。

　　表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。如：

　　The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事实是他注意到车时已经太晚了。

　　What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. 使我感到吃惊的是他英语讲得那么好。

　　All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能说的就是我与此事没有关系。

　　What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。

　　此外，表语从句还可由as if (好像)引导。如：

　　It looked as if it was/were going to rain. (虚拟语气)

　　Now let’s do some translation:

　　这就是她昨天请一天假的原因。

　　That is why she had a day off yesterday.

　　我的想法是，个人的权利应该得到充分尊重。

　　My idea is that individual rights should be fully respected.

　　问题在于上帝是否真的存在。

　　The question is whether the God really exists.

　　我想知道的是，他是如何在这么短的时间内完成这个项目的。

　　What I want to know is how he managed to complete the project in such a short time.

　　形容词后的that 从句

　　that 引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些形容词后面。这种句型一般都用人作主语，所用的形容词都是表示思想状况或感情色彩的形容词，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident等等。如：

　　I am sure/certain that he’s at home now. 我肯定他现在在家。

　　He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同样的错误，他生气了。

　　He remains confident that he will win. 他仍然自信他会赢

　　She is aware that I can’t help her. 她知道我帮不了她的忙。

　　I am glad that you’ve come. 你来了我很高兴。

　　He appeared/seemed surprised that I said “no”. 我说不，他似乎很吃惊。

　　I am afraid that I can’t promise you anything. 恐怕我不能向你保证什么。

　　We were rather disappointed that you were not able to come yesterday. 昨天你没能来我们有点失望。

　　I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it. 我有点担心她做不成这件事情。

　　what 从句的小结

　　1.意思是“所….的事/物”, 相当于the thing(s) that…, that which…, 或those which… 可以用于以下情况：

　　(1) 引导主语从句。如：

　　What she saw frightened her. 她看到的事情吓了她一跳。

　　What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 曾经被认为不可能的事情，现在已经变成了事实。

　　What I’m afraid of is their taking him to that place. 我怕的是他们带他到那地方去。What we are worrying about is just her innocence. 我们担心的是她的幼稚。

　　But what hurt our feelings most was the personal comment of the judge. 最伤我们感情的是法官的私下评论。

　　What will be, will be. 要发生的事总是要发生的。(谚语)

　　What is gone is gone. 过去的事就过去了。

　　(2) 引导表语从句。如：

　　That’s what I hope. 那就是我希望的。

　　I should like to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be. 我想当老师，那是我想干的事。

　　Times are not what they used to be. 时代不同了。

　　He’s not what he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。

　　Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身体应该更好。

　　(3) 引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语。如：

　　He could not express what he felt. 他不能表达他的感受。

　　Well, I’ll do what I can. 好吧，我尽力。

　　I can’t do what you’ve just asked of me. 我不能做你刚才要求我的事。

　　And having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away. 得到了他要的东西，他拿上帽子就走了。

　　As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想告诉你我所听到的。

　　The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。(注意时态)

　　She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。

　　Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。

　　The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。

　　It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方。

　　The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。(注意时态)

　　She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。

　　Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。

　　The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。

　　It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方。

　　I don’t care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金钱或者别人所谓的地位。

　　Philip was depressed by what he had gone through. Philip经历过的事情使他很消沉。

　　They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state. 他们能挣来的东西，百分之五十交给了国家。

　　2.用作插入语，指代后面的成分。这和非限定性定语从句正好相反，非限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分。如：

　　Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Mary’s niece. 后来我发现，他妻子原来是Mary的侄女，这对我是个新闻。

　　He never joined in the usual sports of the boys, and, what is remarkable, never went out in a boat on the river. 他从来不参加男孩子通常做的体育活动，更奇怪的是，他从来不坐船出去到河上面去。

　　He’s an interesting speaker, and, what is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly. 他讲话生动有趣，更重要的是，他对课题了如指掌。

　　He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去参加了会议，而且更糟糕的是，他坚持要发言。

　　It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 这是本很有用的书，再说也不贵。

　　You’ll have nobody but yourself to blame, and, what’s more, you’ll get no sympathy from anybody. 你怪不着别人，只能怪你自己;还有，你得不到任何人的同情。

　　We invited a new speaker and, what’s more, he was happy to come. 我们请到了一位新的发言人，而且他很乐意来。

　　3.引导让步状语从句，等于“不管什么…”。注意状语从句的语序。如：

　　Do what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going. 不管她会做什么，她都编不出不去的理由。状语从句把实义动词放在句首，句子倒装。=No matter what she would do, …

　　Come what may, you’ll always keep it secret. 无论怎样，你都要保守秘密。=No matter what may come, ….

　　Jack has made up his mind that, come what might, he would stay there. Jack已经拿定主意，无论如何他也要呆在那里。=…no matter what might come, …

　　Say what he will, in his heart he knows that he is wrong. 不管他怎么说，内心里他知道自己错了。= No matter what he will say.

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