考研英语历年真题（2006年英语一真题及答案）

　　33.识词题By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr Worm means that_____.

　　选项A. fishing technology has improved rapidly.

　　捕鱼技术发展很迅速。

　　B. the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded.

　　实际上捕鱼量比记录的要少。

　　C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss.

　　海洋生物群遭受了严重的损失。

　　D. the data collected so far are out of date.

　　目前收集的数据过时了。

　　该题将识别的短语“these figures are conservative”在文章中定位到第三段Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. 作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇后面出现“That means”，表示解释说明关系相关信息句为That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. “这意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大。” 选项A. fishing technology has improved rapidly. 捕鱼技术发展很迅速，与相关信息句动作“意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大”没有任何关联;选项B. the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded. 实际上捕鱼量比记录的要少，与相关信息句动作“意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大”恰恰相反;选项C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss.海洋生物群遭受了严重的损失，与相关信息句动作“意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大”没有任何关联;选项D. the data collected so far are out of date.目前收集的数据过时了，与相关信息句动作“意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大”直接关联，动作“目前收集的数据过时了”对应于“现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大”。因此，答案应选D. the data collected so far are out of date. 目前收集的数据过时了。

　　34. 细节题Dr Myers and other researchers hold that_____.

　　选项A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.

　　人们应该寻找一个能适用较长时间的基准。

　　B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass.

　　渔场应该将捕鱼量控制在存活量的50%以下。

　　C. the ocean biomass should restored its original level.

　　海洋生物群落应该恢复到原来的水平。

　　D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations.

　　人们应该调整捕鱼的基准以适应时时变化的条件。

　　该题利用定位词“Dr Myers and other researchers”定位到文章第四段Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. “Myers博士和Worm博士指出，他们的工作确定了一个正确的基准，未来的海洋管理必须将其考虑在内。” 选项A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.人们应该寻找一个能适用较长时间的基准，与文中定位语句的动作“确定了一个正确的基准，未来的海洋管理必须将其考虑在内”没有任何关联;选项B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass.渔场应该将捕鱼量控制在存活量的50%以下，与文中定位语句的动作“确定了一个正确的基准，未来的海洋管理必须将其考虑在内”没有任何关联;选项C. the ocean biomass should restored its original level.海洋生物群落应该恢复到原来的水平，与文中定位语句的动作“确定了一个正确的基准，未来的海洋管理必须将其考虑在内”没有任何关联;选项D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations.人们应该调整捕鱼的基准以适应时时变化的条件，与文中定位语句的动作“确定了一个正确的基准，未来的海洋管理必须将其考虑在内”没有任何关联。可见，定位词定位的语句不能确定唯一正确的答案。作为细节题，要向下一句一句逐一与选项比较，知道最终确定答案。后面语句叙述到 They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". “他们相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准。” 选项A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.人们应该寻找一个能适用较长时间的基准，与相关信息句动作“相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准”没有直接关联;选项B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass.渔场应该将捕鱼量控制在存活量的50%以下，与相关信息句动作“相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准”没有任何关联;选项C. the ocean biomass should restored its original level.海洋生物群落应该恢复到原来的水平，与相关信息句动作“相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准”没有直接关联;选项D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations.人们应该调整捕鱼的基准以适应时时变化的条件，与相关信息句动作“相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准”直接关联，动作“调整捕鱼基准适应变化的条件”对应于“改变基准”，体现“同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations. 人们应该调整捕鱼的基准以适应时时变化的条件。

　　35. 细节题The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ _____.

　　选项A. management efficiency 管理效率

　　B. biomass level 生物群落水平

　　C. catch-size limits 捕量限制

　　D. technological application 技术应用

　　该题利用定位词“mainly”粗略定位到文章第四段That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business. “这很重要，因为理论表明当这一目标物种生物群落的数量是原来的50%时，人们能够从渔业得到的最大的可持续性的产出。但大多数渔场的数量低于50%这种做生意的方式很糟糕。”显然，生物群落的数量和水平决定了从事该行业人的收入。因此，正确答案为B. biomass level 生物群落水平。

　　全文翻译当史前人类来到地球新的地域时，大型动物发生了一些奇怪的事情，他们突然之间灭绝了，小一点儿的物种得以存活。那些大型的、生长缓慢的动物比较容易猎取，由于被猎杀而迅速灭绝。现在类似的情况可能正在海洋中发生。

　　人们知道海洋中的鱼类过量捕捞已经有些年了。Ransom Myers和Boris worm这些研究人员只是让我们知道了事情变化得多快。他们查询了来自世界各地渔场的50年的数据，目的并非去估算在海洋中的某些特定部分的鱼类的实际数量，而是不同时间内鱼类数量的改变。根据他们发表在《自然》期刊上的最新论文，一个新的渔场中的大型食肉鱼渔类的数量在开始开发海洋资源的15年间平均下降了80%，在一些旧的渔场，这15年来，大型食肉鱼类的数量在此基础上又减少了一半。

　　Worm博士生成这些数字比较保守。一个原因是捕鱼技术有所改进。如今，船只可以借助卫星和声纳定位仪发现猎物，这在50年前无法作到。这意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大。此外，在早些年，多钩长线上可能会挂满更多的鱼，但是因为没有挂了鱼饵的鱼钩来诱惑它们了，所以一些鱼就没被捕到，这就造成了对过去海洋中的鱼类数量估计不足。而且，在早期用多钩长线钓鱼时，许多鱼在上钩后被鲨鱼吃掉了。现在这不成问题了，因为现在鲨鱼数量少了。

　　Myers博士和Worm博士指出，他们的工作确定了一个正确的基准，未来的(海洋)管理必须将其考虑进去。他们相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准。这一观点指出人们没有察觉发生在海洋中的巨大变化是因为他们在审视与现在做对比的过去时，用来衡量这个变化的时间段相对较短。这很重要，因为理论表明当某一目标物种的数量是原来的50%时，人们能够从渔业得到最大的可持续性的产出。但大多数渔场的数量低于原来的50%，这种做生意方式很糟糕。

　　Text 4

　　Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.

　　This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.

　　You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.

　　After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

　　People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.

　　Today the messages your average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda---to lure us to open our wallets---they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.

　　What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.

　　36.By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that_____.

　　A. poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.

　　B. art grows out of both positive and negative feeling.

　　C. poets today are less skeptical of happiness.

　　D. artists have changed their focus of interest.

　　37. The word “bummer” (Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means something_____.

　　A. religious B. unpleasant C. entertaining D. commercial

　　38. In the author’s opinion, advertising_____.

　　A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art.

　　B. is a cause of disappointment for the general public.

　　C. replaces the church as a major source of information.

　　D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.

　　39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes_____.

　　A. happiness more often than not ends in sadness.

　　B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing.

　　C. misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.

　　D. the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms.

　　40. Which of the following is true of the text?

　　A. Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.

　　B. Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.

　　C. People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.

　　D. Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.

　　文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

　　文章首段主题句是But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. 最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感。

　　第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是This wasn't always so. 但情况不总是这样。

　　第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. 但是这并非是说在早些时候就没有没完没了的战争、灾难以及对无辜者的屠杀。

　　第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. 最终，什么是一种几乎能够完全致力于描绘幸福的现代表达方式呢?广告。

　　第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. 早期的人们被不幸包围着。

　　第六段确定段落内容方向的语句是Today the messages your average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. 如今，普通的西方人不断接收的并非是宗教信息，而是商业信息及永远快乐的信息。

　　第七段确定段落内容方向的语句是What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. 我们所忘记的(即我们的经济所依赖我们要遗忘的)是幸福，不仅仅是没有痛苦的快乐。

　　不难发现，这篇文章围绕着人的负面情感问题来展开。

　　题目解析：

　　36.结构题By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that_____.

　　选项A. poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.

　　在表达快乐时，诗歌的表现力不如绘画和音乐。

　　B. art grows out of both positive and negative feeling.

　　艺术来自正面和负面的情感。

　　C. poets today are less skeptical of happiness.

　　如今的诗人对于幸福少了些怀疑。

　　D. artists have changed their focus of interest.

　　艺术家的关注点发生了变化。

　　该题将例子“Wordsworth and Baudelaire”定位到文章第二段This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil. 根据结构题方位论原则，找例子对应的论点句。例子前面相邻的句子The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. “诸如绘画和音乐这样的早期艺术形式最适合表达快乐。”也同样是例子。因此，段落首句This wasn't always so.“但情况并不总是这样的。”为论点。但是，该句由于代词“this”表达的含义不完整，所以要找到“this”的指代，即前一段落的尾句But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. “最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感。” 选项A. poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.在表达快乐时，诗歌的表现力不如绘画和音乐，与相关信息句动作“最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感”没有任何关联;选项B. art grows out of both positive and negative feeling.艺术来自正面和负面的情感，与相关信息句动作“最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感”没有任何关联;选项C. poets today are less skeptical of happiness.如今的诗人对于幸福少了些怀疑，与相关信息句动作“最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感”没有任何关联;选项D. artists have changed their focus of interest.艺术家的关注点发生了变化，与相关信息句动作“最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感”相关联，动作“艺术家的关注点发生了变化”对应于“艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感”，体现了“包含与被包含”的关系。综上所述，正确答案为D. artists have changed their focus of interest. 艺术家的关注点发生了变化。

　　37. 识词题The word “bummer” (Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means something_____.

　　选项A. religious 宗教的 B. unpleasant 不快的

　　C. entertaining 娱乐的 D. commercial 商业的

　　该题将识别的词汇“bummer”在文章中定位到第五段People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too. 作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇后面出现“too”，表示并列关系，因此相关信息句为In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. “在西方，在大众传播开始出现，人们开始读书识字之前，最强势的大众传媒是教堂，他提醒那些礼拜者他们的心灵处于危险之中，有一天可能会受到蠕虫的啃噬。”句子中“心灵处于危险之中，可能会受到蠕虫的啃噬”表现出一种消极不快的情绪和状态。因此，答案应选B. unpleasant 不快的。

　　38.细节题 In the author’s opinion, advertising_____.

　　选项A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art.

　　广告随着宣扬不幸的艺术觉醒而出现。

　　B. is a cause of disappointment for the general public.

　　广告是普通人失望的原因。

　　C. replaces the church as a major source of information.

　　广告取代教堂成为主要的信息来源。

　　D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.

　　广告带来幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福。

　　该题利用定位词“advertising”定位到文章第四段After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.“宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，而是意识形态。” 选项A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art. 广告随着宣扬不幸的艺术觉醒而出现，与相关信息句动作“宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，还是意识形态”似乎相关联，但是选项中“广告随着宣扬不幸的艺术觉醒而出现”与相关信息句中的“宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来”相悖;选项B. is a cause of disappointment for the general public. 广告是普通人失望的原因，与相关信息句动作“宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，而是意识形态”没有任何关联;选项 C. replaces the church as a major source of information. 广告取代教堂成为主要的信息来源，与相关信息句动作“宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，而是意识形态”没有任何关联;选项D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself. 广告带来幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福，与相关信息句动作“宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，而是意识形态”相关联，动作“广告带来幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福”对应于“在广告文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，而是意识形态”，体现“同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself. 带来幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福。

　　39. 推断题We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes_____.

　　选项A. happiness more often than not ends in sadness.

　　幸福时常以悲伤终结。

　　B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing.

　　那些宣扬不幸的艺术令人不快但是令人有新鲜之感。

　　C. misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.

　　应该欣赏而不是否认不幸。

　　D. the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms.

　　宣扬不幸的艺术在经济繁荣时兴盛起来。

　　该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的最后一段的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，第七段 What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air. 段落中间没有转折词，段落首句What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.“我们所忘记的(即我们的经济所依赖我们要遗忘的)是幸福，不仅仅是没有痛苦的快乐。”明确是细节。因此段落的主题句为段尾句It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.“这个信息比丁香烟叶还苦，但是会以某种方式带来一股清新的气息。” 选项A. happiness more often than not ends in sadness. 幸福时常以悲伤终结，与相关信息句动作“比丁香烟叶还苦，但以某种方式带来一股清新的气息”相悖;选项B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing. 那些宣扬不幸的艺术令人不快，但是令人有新鲜之感，与相关信息句动作“比丁香烟叶还苦，但以某种方式带来一股清新的气息”相关联，动作“令人不快，但是令人有新鲜之感”对应于“比丁香烟叶还苦，但带来一股清新的气息”，体现“同意替换”的关系;选项C. misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.应该欣赏而不是否认不幸，与相关信息句动作“比丁香烟叶还苦，但以某种方式带来一股清新的气息”没有直接联系;选项D. the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms. 宣扬不幸的艺术在经济繁荣时兴盛起来，与相关信息句动作“比丁香烟叶还苦，但以某种方式带来一股清新的气息”没有任何联系。因此，正确答案为B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing. 那些宣扬不幸的艺术令人不快但是令人有新鲜之感。

　　40. 推断题Which of the following is true of the text?

　　选项A. Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.

　　宗教曾经发挥提醒人们不幸的功能。

　　B. Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.

　　艺术在期待和现实之间提供了一种平衡。

　　C. People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.

　　人们对道德的现状感到失望。

　　D. Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.

　　大众传媒倾向与报导灾难和死亡。

　　推断题，在第五段谈论reminders of misery(痛苦的提醒者)话题时，作者说：the church…reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms(教会提醒朝拜者，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们的躯体将成为蠕虫的美食)。在第七段，作者把反幸福艺术的警示作用与宗教的提醒作用等同起来(…we need art to tell us, as religion once did…)。选项A. Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery. 宗教曾经发挥提醒人们不幸的功能。这与题意完全相符。(补充：这种提问方式是推断题。按照推断题方位论原则，对应段落的主题句是相关信息句。但是，间或会出现对应段落的主题句与选项没有任何关联，不能确定答案的情况。这种题目就只能利用四个选项分别回归文章定位，通篇考虑，逐一比较才能够确定答案。由于这种题目仅仅考察信息的对应，没有涉及分析理解能力的水平，所以不是考研英语试题中的重点试题。)

　　全文翻译有许多事情让人们认为艺术家很怪异，而最怪异的事情是艺术家的唯一工作是探索感情，并且选择关注那些负面感情。

　　但情况并不总是这样的。诸如绘画和音乐这样的早期艺术形式最适合表达快乐。但是大约在19世纪，从英国诗人华兹华斯的水仙花到法国诗人波德莱尔的恶之花，更多的艺术家开始认为快乐是无意义的，虚伪的，甚至是快乐让人感到厌烦。

　　你可能会辩解，艺术对幸福更为怀疑这是因为现代社会目睹了这样的不幸。但是这并非是说在早些时候就没有没完没了的战争，灾难及对无辜者的屠杀。事实上，可能恰恰相反，(艺术对幸福更为怀疑的)原因是如今这个世界有了太多该死的幸福。

　　最终，什么是一种几乎能够完全致力于描绘幸福的现代表达方式呢?广告。宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，还是意识形态。

　　早期的人民被不幸包围。他们一直工作，直到累的筋疲力尽，生活几无保障，年纪轻轻就命丧黄泉。在西方，在大众传播开始出现，人们开始读书识字之前，最强势的大众媒体是教堂，它可以提醒那些礼拜者他们的心灵处于危险之中，有一天可能会受到蠕虫的啃噬。考虑到这些，人们也确实不需要让艺术也变成让人不快的东西了。

　　如今，普通西方人不断接收的并非宗教信息，而是商业信息及永远快乐的信息。食用快餐者，新闻主播，通信员们，所有人的人都在微笑、微笑、不停地微笑。我们的杂志上以容光焕发的名字和住在漂亮房子里的幸福家庭做特写。因为这些信息有秘密目的——诱使我们打开钱包，这让幸福的感觉看起来不可信。在我们发现治疗关节炎的药物Celebrex可能增加患心脏病的风险之前，有关该药物的广告让我们为它的诞生而庆祝。

　　我们所忘记的(也及我们的经济所依赖我们要遗忘的)是幸福不仅仅是没有痛苦的快乐。那些能够带来巨大快乐的东西也会有可能带来巨大的损失和失望。如今，我们周围到处都是唾手可得的幸福的承诺，我们需要有人像过去宗教所做的那样告诉我们“无常”的象征，即记主要你会死去，一切都会消亡，记住幸福不是否认这些，而是与这些共存。这个信息比丁香烟叶还苦，但是会以某种方式带来一股清新气息。

　　Part B

　　Directions:

　　In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.

　　He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls “electronic heroin”.

　　(41)______________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.

　　In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.

　　(42) ______________.

　　The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally worked to ”lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will”. Well.

　　(43) ______________.

　　The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

　　(44) ______________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.

　　(45) ______________.

　　Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on---you might say addicted to---revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business.

　　(A). Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

　　(B). It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?

　　(C). By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.

　　(D). Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.

　　(E). David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.

　　(F). It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

　　(G). The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?