2020考研英语语法大全之【代词】

　　九、连接代词

　　连接代词包括who， whom, whose， what， which， that。其中除what外，其他连接代词也可作关系代词，其区别在于连接代词引导的是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等名词性从句，而关系代词引导的是定语从句。

　　(一)引导主语从句

　　例句： That the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.

　　分析： 该句是复合句，that the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system在句中充当主语。

　　译文： 太阳是我们行星系的中心(而不是地球)这一概念在中世纪是很难让人明白的。

　　例句： It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience;but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (2009年第46题)

　　分析： 该句是由转折连词but连接的并列句，其中第一个分句中it作形式主语，真正的主语是that the measure of the worth...，of any social institution是worth的后置定语，in enlarging and improving experience是its effect的后置定语。

　　译文： 或许可以说，要衡量任何一种社会制度的价值就要看它在丰富和提升人们经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是其最初动机的一部分。

　　(二)引导宾语从句

　　例句： He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully”. (2008年第49题)

　　分析： 该句是复合句，that引导的宾语从句结构是he was superior to..., 其中包含了由which引导的定语从句，in noticing things与in observing them carefully是并列结构。

　　译文： 他又自谦地说，或许自己“在注意到容易被忽略的事物，并对其加以仔细观察方面优于常人”。

　　例句： I apologize if I had offended you, but I assure you it was unintentional. (1998年第3题)

　　分析： 该句是并列复合句，其中短语assure sb. that...意为“向某人保证某事”。

　　译文： 如果我冒犯了你，我向你道歉，但我保证那不是故意的。

　　(三)引导表语从句

　　例句：One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. (选自2011年Text 1)

　　分析：该句是复合句。其中，why the appointment came as such a surprise是一个定语从句，修饰reasons，however作插入语，介词短语as such a surprise作状语，修饰came;主句的主干部分是One of the reasons is that Gilbert is comparatively little known。

　　译文： 然而，该任命显得如此突然的原因之一就是吉尔伯特比较不为人知。

　　例句： The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. (选自2006年Text3)

　　分析： 该句是复合句，that people have failed to...changes是一个表语从句，which have happened in the ocean作changes的定语，because后引导一个原因状语从句。

　　译文： 这个概念是说人们没有注意到发生在海洋里的巨大变化，因为人们只是回顾了过去很短一段时间。

　　(四)同位语从句(通常由that引导，也可由whether，what，when，where，why，how引导，进一步说明其前名词的具体内容和含义)

　　例句：Allens contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature. (2011年第46题)

　　分析：该句是复合句，主干部分是Allens contribution was to take an assumption and reveal its erroneous nature。其中we all share是一个定语从句，修饰assumption;that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts是一个同位语从句，与assumption为同位语关系。

　　译文：爱伦的贡献在于他提出了一个公认的假设并揭示了其错误本质，即“我们不是机器人，因此我们能控制自己的思想”。

　　例句： But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. (2007年第48题)

　　分析： 该句是复合句，其中主干结构为the idea...rests on an understanding...， that the journalist must...an ordinary citizen是the idea的同位语从句。

　　译文： 新闻记者应该比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，但这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。

　　(五)whatever, who(m)ever, whichever

　　连接代词what+ever指不定数目中无论什么，用于物;who(m)+ever指不定数目中无沦是谁，用于人;which+ever指确定数目中无论哪一个，用于人或物。

　　例句： Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. (选自2008年Part B)

　　分析： 该句是复合句，主干部分是you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out...， whatever outline you have made作flesh out(使充实、具体化)的宾语，从句中develop...into意思是“发展成;变成”。前半部分是now that引导的让步状语从句。

　　译文： 既然你已经将一个主题拓展成了一个初步的论题，那么你就可以整合笔记内容，丰富自己拟定的提纲。

　　例句： Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”of espionage—spying as a“profession”. (选自2003年Text 1)

　　分析： 该句是复合句，whatever tools came to...作using的宾语，破折号后的内容是对espionage的解释说明。

　　译文： 多诺万认为在职业间谍活动这一“伟大事业”中可以利用任何有用的工具。