南京航空航天大学2018年620基础英语初试考研真题

　　14. New nature writing ____.

　　A. is a kind of literary critical approach

　　B. is regarded as a new type of writing

　　C. is not new at all since its relevance to nature writing

　　D. stems from people’s desire to recall the past

　　15. From the passage we know that ___.

　　A. nature is omnipotent.

　　B. nature is full of mysteries which makes it powerful.

　　C. nature can heal, both physically and psychologically.

　　D. nature has healing power and hospitals should be built within nature.

　　Passage D

　　Identity, as academics define it, falls into two broad categories: “achieved” identity derived from personal

　　effort, and “ascribed” identity based on innate characteristics.

　　Everyone has both, but people tend to be most attached to their “best” identity — the one that offers the

　　most social status or privileges. Successful professionals, for example, often define their identities primarily

　　through their careers. For generations, working-class whites were doubly blessed: They enjoyed privileged

　　status based on race, as well as the fruits of broad economic growth.

　　White people’s officially privileged status waned over the latter half of the 20th century with the demise of

　　discriminatory practices in, say, university admissions. But rising wages, an expanding social safety net and

　　new educational opportunities helped offset that. Most white adults were wealthier and more successful than

　　their parents, and confident that their children would do better still. That feeling of success may have provided a

　　sort of identity in itself.

　　But as Western manufacturing and industry have declined, taking many working-class towns with them,

　　parents and grandparents have found that the opportunities they once had are unavailable to the next generation.

　　That creates an identity vacuum to be filled.

　　Arlie Russell Hochschild describes a feeling of lost opportunity. Her subjects felt like they were waiting in

　　a long line to reach the top of a hill where the American dream was waiting for them. But the line’s uphill

　　progress had slowed, even stopped. And immigrants, black people and other “outsiders” seemed to be cutting

　　the line.

　　For many Western whites, opportunities for achieved identity — the top of the hill — seem unattainable.

　　So their ascribed identity — their whiteness — feels more important than ever.

　　The formal rejection of racial discrimination in those societies has, by extension, constructed a new,

　　broader national identity. The United States has a black president.

　　But that broadening can, to some, feel like a painful loss, articulated in the demand voiced over and over at

　　Trump rallies.

　　The loss of that comforting hum has accelerated a phenomenon that Robin DiAngelo, calls “white

　　fragility” — the stress white people feel when they confront the knowledge that they are neither special nor the

　　default; that whiteness is just a race like any other. Fragility leads to feelings of insecurity, defensiveness, even

　　threat. And it can trigger a backlash against those who are perceived as outsiders.

　　Even some conservative analysts who support a multiethnic “melting pot” national identity worry that

　　unassimilated immigrants could threaten core national values and cultural cohesion.

　　The struggle for white identity is not just a political problem; it is about the “deep story” of feeling stuck

　　while others move forward.

　　There will not likely be a return to the whiteness of social dominance and exclusive national identity.

　　Immigration cannot be halted without damaging Western nations’ economies; immigrants who have already

　　arrived cannot be expelled en masse without causing social and moral damage. And the other groups who seem

　　to be “cutting in line” are in fact getting a chance at progress that was long denied them.

　　Western whites have a place within their nations’ new, broader national identities. But unless they accept

　　it, the crisis of whiteness seems likely to continue.

　　16. Which identity would most people prefer to accept in society?

　　A. “achieved” identity B. “ascribed” identity

　　C. “best” identity D. “feeling of success” identity

　　17. From the passage, we know that some white people in America ___.

　　A. are not as competitive and efficient as the black.

　　B. are highly hostile to the “outsiders” in American society.

　　C. have lost their privilege in multiple aspects in the past twenty years.

　　D. are struggling for their traditional “ascribed” identity.

　　18. What is NOT many Western whites’ understanding of American dream?

　　A. It loses its significance in the new age.

　　B. It is no longer available since they are topped down from the privileged status.

　　C. It is hard to realize since immigrants are cutting their way.

　　D. It means that whites should have the priority to lead a happy life.

　　19. What has led to the identity vacuum of the white people?

　　A. equal access to university admissions

　　B. the recession of industry and manufacture

　　C. the decline of white people’s officially privileged status

　　D. the process of globalization

　　20. Which of the following statement about American identity is NOT correct?

　　A. Obama’s victory as president indicates that American identity has become broader.

　　B. Trump’s victory as president signifies the crisis of whiteness.

　　C. Dismissing the immigrants is not a wise way to solve the present identity problem.

　　D. The core national values and cultural cohesion is threatened by the broader American identity.

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